Editor’s note: This post was last updated on 13 September 2021 to improve code and update any outdated information.
Back in the good old days, the limits of CSS made even “simple” things like vertical centering a challenge, with some developers even relying on JavaScript solutions. It was fragile, it was very constrained, and there was always that one exception that made it fail.
Whether we were trying to align an icon or image beside the text, create one of those popular hero banners, or creating a modal overlay, centering things in the vertical axis was always a struggle.
But CSS has come a long way since, providing lots of methods that made vertical centering easier every time. Here’s a summary of some of them, along with their use cases and limitations.
1. Absolute positioning and margin: auto
An element with no intrinsic size can be centered by simply using equal values from the top and bottom. When an element has intrinsic dimensions, we can use 0
for top and bottom, then apply margin: auto
. This automagically centers the element:
.container{ position:relative; } .element{ position:absolute; top: 0; bottom: 0; left: 0; right: 0; margin: auto; height: 20px; /*requires explicit height*/ }
We’ve added additional styles in the CodePen to make the demo more presentable.
See the Pen
Centering 1: absolute positioning by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
The limitation is, of course, that the element height must be explicitly declared, or it will occupy the entire container.
2. The classic top:50%
, translateY(-50%)
This is one of the first tricks, and still a go-to, for many developers. By relying on absolute positioning the inner element at 50 percent from the top of their parent, we can then translate it up 50 percent of its height:
.container{ position: relative; } .element{ position: absolute; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); }
See the Pen
Centering 2: top 50 translateY -50 by Ibaslogic (@ibaslogic)
on CodePen.
A fairly solid approach, with the only major limitation being the use of translate that might get in the way of other transforms, for example, when applying transitions or animations.
3. Centering with tables
A really simple approach and one of the first (back in the day, everything was centered around tables), is using the behavior of table cells and vertical-align
to center an element on a container.
This can be done with actual tables or using semantic HTML, switching the display of the element to table-cell
:
.container{ display: table; height: 100%; } .element{ display: table-cell; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; }
See the Pen
Centering 3: tables by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
This works even when both elements are of unknown height. The major limitation is, of course, if you need to have a noncentered sibling, it might get tricky with the background limits.
Also, bear in mind this totally fails on screen readers (even if your markup is based on divs, setting the CSS display to table
and table-cell
makes screen readers interpret it as an actual table). Far from the best when it comes to accessibility.
4. The ghost element method
Another oldie that didn’t catch up for whatever reason is using inline-block
with a ghost (pseudo) element that has 100% height of the parent, then setting vertical-align: middle
for both the pseudo-element and the element we want to center:
.container::before { content: ''; display: inline-block; height: 100%; vertical-align: middle; margin-left: -0.5ch; } .element{ display: inline-block; vertical-align: middle; }
See the Pen
Centering 4: ghost element method by Ibaslogic (@ibaslogic)
on CodePen.
It actually works quite well, with the most noticeable “gotcha” being that it moves the horizontal center just a tiny bit to the right because of the always cringy behavior of whitespace between inline-block
elements.
This can be dealt with by adjusting the margin on the pseudo-element. In our case, we’ve assigned margin-left: -0.5ch
. We can also get a perfect centering by setting the font size to 0
on the container and then resetting it to px
or rem
on the element:
.container { font-size: 0; } .container::before { ... /* margin-left: -0.5ch; */ } .element{ /* ... */ font-size: 16px; }
5. Using margin: auto
on a flex
item
Finally getting into modern CSS territory, Flexbox introduced a pretty awesome behavior for auto
margins. Now, it not only horizontally centers an element as it did in block layouts, but it also centers it in the vertical axis:
.container{ display:flex; } .element{ margin:auto; }
See the Pen
Centering 5: margin:auto on a flex-item by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
This tactic is one of my favorites because of its simplicity, the only major limitation is that it’ll only work with a single element.
6. Pseudo-elements on a flex
container
Not the most practical approach in the world, but we can also use flexible, empty pseudo-elements to push an element to the center:
.container{ display: flex; flex-direction: column; } .container::before, .container::after { content: ""; flex: 1; } .element{ /* ... */ margin: 0 auto; }
See the Pen
Centering 6: pseudos on a flexbox by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
This can be useful when we want to keep flexible spacing on a column-oriented flex container with multiple items.
7 and 8. Align on the flex
container or the flex
item
Flexbox also introduced really great alignment properties (that are now forked into their own box alignment module).
This allows us to control how items are placed and how empty space is distributed in ways that would have required either magic numbers in CSS for a specific number of elements (or clever JavaScript for dynamic amounts).
Depending on the flex-direction
, we might use justify-content
or align-items
to adjust as needed.
On the container:
.container{ display: flex; justify-content: center; align-items: center; }
See the Pen
Centering 7: align on flex-container by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
On a particular flex item:
.container{ display: flex; } .element{ align-self: center; margin: 0 auto; }
See the Pen
Centering 8: align on flex-item by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
There are not many downsides to this, except when you need to support older browsers. IE 11 should work, but its implementation of Flexbox is quite buggy, so it should be always treated with extra care.
IE 10 requires additional work that has different syntax and requires the -ms
vendor prefix.
9 and 10. Align on the grid
container or the grid
item
CSS grid includes pretty much the same alignment options as Flexbox, so we can use it on the grid
container:
.container{ display: grid; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }
See the Pen
Centering 9: align on grid-container by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
Or just on a specific grid
item:
.container{ display: grid; } .element{ justify-self: center; align-self: center }
Lack of legacy browser support is the only limitation of this technique.
See the Pen
Centering 10: align on grid-item by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
11. Pseudo-elements on a grid
Similarly to the Flexbox alternative, we can use a three-row grid with pseudo-elements:
.container{ display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr; grid-template-rows: repeat(3, 1fr); } .container::before, .container::after{ content:""; }
Remember that 1fr
actually means minmax(auto, 1fr)
, so the empty rows will not necessarily take one-third of the container height. They will collapse as needed all the way down to their minimal value of auto
, and without content, means 0
.
See the Pen
Centering 11 : grid + pseudos by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
This might look like a silly approach, but it allows us to easily pull off one of my favorite CSS Grid tricks: combining fr
rows with minmax
ones, which causes the empty fr
ones to collapse first, followed by the mixmax
ones.
So, having the pseudos take the fully-collapsible rows allows the auto-placement algorithm to work its magic on our actual elements, except if we need to support IE, which lacks auto-placement. Which, leads us to the next method…
12. Explicit grid row placement
CSS grid allows items to be explicitly placed on a specific row, so the same grid declaration as above and the item placed on the second row will be enough:
.container{ display:grid; grid-template-columns:1fr; grid-template-rows: repeat(3, 1fr); } .element{ grid-row: 2 / span 1; /* or grid-row: 2/3 */ }
This can work down to IE10. Believe it or not, IE was one of the first and stronger supporters for CSS grid, shipping it all the way back in 2011 with IE10. It has a completely different syntax, but we can make it work:
.container{ display: -ms-grid; -ms-grid-rows: (1fr)[3]; -ms-grid-columns: 1fr; } .element{ -ms-grid-column: 1; -ms-grid-row: 2; }
See the Pen
Centering 12 : explicit placement on a grid by Facundo Corradini (@facundocorradini)
on CodePen.
13. margin: auto
on a grid
item
Similarly to Flexbox, applying margin:
auto
on a grid
item centers it on both axes.
.container{ display: grid; } .element{ margin: auto; }
See the Pen
Centering 12 : Margin auto on a grid-item by Ibaslogic (@ibaslogic)
on CodePen.
Some (probable) future implementations
According to the CSS Box Alignment Module Level 3 specification, align-content
should work on the block axis of block
containers and multicol
containers, so (if browsers implement it) we should be able to center the content of those containers just like we do in flex
or grid
containers.
Conclusion
And that’s it. What was once extremely hard can now be achieved in a dozen-plus different ways, and I’m probably missing a couple more. If you know other techniques, please share them in the comments.
Thanks Dude For The Tricks!!
Dude i was going nuts and completely forgot Flexbox works so well! ANother tip would be to Use inline-flex so there isn’t all the weird spacing!
Muchísimas Gracias !!! :’)
the display:flex solution is very easy and versatile. Thanks
Thank you so much .. !
Just the height:100vh help me get out of my misery!
God bless you dude. I’ve seriously been stuck on this for over 2 hours and your blog post solved my problem like it was nothing
Nice one 🙂
Here’s one I like to use a lot :
.container {
display:grid;
place-content:center;
position:absolute;
inset:0;
}