Why React doesn’t update state immediately

Editor’s note: This article was last updated on 12 December 2023 to further explore the asynchronous nature of React’s state updates.

Despite React’s popularity, one of its biggest drawbacks is the excessive re-rendering of its components. When developing React applications, you may have noticed that state updates don’t immediately reflect new values after being changed. React state is a plain JavaScript object that holds information that influences the output of a render.

When building your project, if you intend to alter any attributes of a React component in the future, you should store the attribute in a state. The state starts with an initial default value on mount and is then later altered as a result of a user’s actions. Each React component manages its own state internally.

In this article, we’ll explore the reasons why React doesn’t update state immediately. We’ll run through an example and clarify what you should do when you need to make changes to the new state in both class and function components.

Understanding React’s asynchronous state updates

In React, state updates are inherently asynchronous processes. When you call the setState function, React schedules an update rather than immediately applying the changes. This allows React to batch multiple state updates together, minimizing unnecessary re-renders and improving overall efficiency.

When you invoke setState, React maintains a queue of pending updates. Then, it batches multiple setState calls that occur within the same synchronous block of code. This batching process is crucial for preventing unnecessary re-renders and optimizing performance.

By batching state updates, React ensures that it doesn’t perform unnecessary intermediate renders. It calculates the minimal set of changes needed to update the component’s state and applies them in a single, efficient rendering cycle.

How React performs state updates

To update state in React components, we’ll use either the this.setState function or the updater function returned by the React.useState() Hook in class and function components, respectively.

State updates in React are asynchronous; when an update is requested, there is no guarantee that the updates will be made immediately. The updater functions enqueue changes to the component state, but React may delay the changes, updating several components in a single pass.

For example, consider the code below:

const handleClick = () => {
      setName("Amaka")
      setAge(20)
      setAddress("No 3 Rodeo drive")
}

In this snippet, there are three different calls to update and re-render the component. Calling the updater functions one after another and re-rendering both parent and child components after each call would be inefficient in most cases. For this reason, React batches state updates.

No matter how many setState() calls are in the handleClick event handler, they will produce only a single re-render at the end of the event, which is crucial for maintaining good performance in large applications. The order of requests for updates is always respected; React will always treat the first update requests first.

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We’ve established that delaying the reconciliation of update requests in order to batch them is beneficial. Next, we’ll explore managing situations where you must wait for these updates to complete before utilizing the new values.

Carrying out operations with class components

setState() callback

The second parameter to setState() is an optional callback function. This argument will be executed once setState() is completed and the component is re-rendered. The callback function is guaranteed to run after the state update has been applied:

handleSearch  = (e) => {
    this.setState({
    searchTerm: e.target.value
  },() => {
    // Do an API call with this.state.searchTerm
  });
}

componentDidUpdate

The componentDidUpdate function is invoked immediately after a state update occurs. To avoid an infinite loop, you should always use a conditional statement to be sure that the previous state and the current state are not the same:

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
  if (prevState.count !== this.state.count) {
    // Do something here
  }
}

Carrying out operations with function components

useEffect() Hook

You can perform side effects in the useEffect Hook when the state is updated. The state variable could be added as a dependency in this Hook, making it run when the state value changes. You can make the useEffect Hook listen to the state changes:

import React,{useState, useEffect} from 'react';

const App = () => {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(1);

  useEffect(() => {
    if (count > 5) {
      console.log('Count is more that 5');
    } else {
      console.log('Count is less that 5');
    }
  }, [count]);

  const handleClick = () => {
    setCount(count + 1);
  };

  return (
    <div>
      <p>{count}</p>

      <button onClick={handleClick}>
        add
      </button>
    </div>
  );
};

export default App;

The callback function in the useEffect Hook runs only when there is a change in any of the state variables listed in its dependency array.

useState() callback

The useState Hook in React does not have a built-in callback like setState does. However, you can achieve similar functionality using the useEffect Hook, which allows you to perform side effects after the component has rendered.

Here’s an example of how you might use useState with a callback-like behavior:

import React, { useState, useEffect } from 'react';

function MyComponent() {
  const [searchTerm, setSearchTerm] = useState('');

  const handleSearch = (e) => {
    setSearchTerm(e.target.value);
  };

  useEffect(() => {
    // This code will run after every render, 
    // similar to a callback after state is updated
    console.log('State updated:', searchTerm);

    // You can perform other actions here, such as an API call
    // Example: makeApiCall(searchTerm);
  }, [searchTerm]); // The effect depends on the searchTerm state

  return (
    <div>
      <input type="text" value={searchTerm} onChange={handleSearch} />
      {/* Other JSX elements */}
    </div>
  );
}

export default MyComponent;

In this example, the useEffect Hook runs after each render of the component, but it’s only dependent on changes to the searchTerm state (specified in the dependency array). This mimics the behavior of a callback that runs after searchTerm is updated.

Conclusion

In React, every state update causes the component being updated to re-render. Because re-rendering is expensive, making state updates synchronously can cause serious performance issues, for example, increasing load times or causing your application to crash. By batching state updates, React avoids unnecessary re-renders, boosting performance overall.

I hope you enjoyed this article!