React lifecycle methods: An approachable tutorial with examples

class HelloWorld extends React.Component {
   render() {
    return <h1> Hello World </h1> 
   }
}

const MyComponent extends React.Component {
  constructor(props) {
   super(props) 
    this.state = {
       points: 0
    }  
    this.handlePoints = this.handlePoints.bind(this) 
    }   
}

const MyComponent extends React.Component {
  ... 

  static getDerivedStateFromProps() {
//do stuff here
  }  
}

... 

  static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
//do stuff here
  }  

...

... 

  static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) { 
     return {
        points: 200 // update state with this
     }
  }  

  ...

... 

  static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
    return null
  }  

...

class App extends Component {
  state = {
    points: 10
  }

  render() {
    return (
      <div className="App">
        <header className="App-header">
          <img src={logo} className="App-logo" alt="logo" />
          <p>
            You've scored {this.state.points} points.
          </p>
        </header>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class App extends Component {
  state = {
    points: 10
  }
    
  // *******
  //  NB: Not the recommended way to use this method. Just an example. Unconditionally overriding state here is generally considered a bad idea
  // ********
  static getDerivedStateFromProps(props, state) {
    return {
      points: 1000
    }
  }
  
  render() {
    return (
      <div className="App">
        <header className="App-header">
          <img src={logo} className="App-logo" alt="logo" />
          <p>
            You've scored {this.state.points} points.
          </p>
        </header>
      </div>
    );
  }
}

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
// render is the only required method for a class component 
   render() {
    return <h1> Hurray! </h1>
   }
}

You could also return plain strings and numbers, as shown below:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
   render() {
    return "Hurray" 
   }
}

Or, you could return arrays and fragments:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
   render() {
    return [
          <div key="1">Hello</div>,
          <div key="2" >World</div>
      ];
   }
}

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
   render() {
    return <React.Fragment>
            <div>Hello</div>
            <div>World</div>
      </React.Fragment>
   }
}

If you don’t want to render anything, you could return a boolean or null within the render method:

class MyComponent extends React.Component { 
   render() {
    return null
   }
}

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  // guess what's returned here? 
  render() {
    return (2 + 2 === 5) && <div>Hello World</div>;
   }
}

Lastly, you could return a portal from the render method:

class MyComponent extends React.Component {
  render() {
    return createPortal(this.props.children, document.querySelector("body"));
  }
}

An important thing to note about the render method is that the render function should be pure i.e do not attempt to use setStateor interact with the external APIs.

4. componentDidMount()

After render is called, the component is mounted to the DOM and the componentDidMount method is invoked.

This function is invoked immediately after the component is mounted to the DOM.

You would use the componentDidMount lifecycle method to grab a DOM node from the component tree immediately after it’s mounted.

For example, let’s say you have a modal and want to render the content of the modal within a specific DOM element:

class ModalContent extends React.Component {

  el = document.createElement("section");

  componentDidMount() {
    document.querySelector("body).appendChild(this.el);
  }
  
  // using a portal, the content of the modal will be rendered in the DOM element attached to the DOM in the componentDidMount method. 

}

If you also want to make network requests as soon as the component is mounted to the DOM, this is a perfect place to do so:

componentDidMount() {
  this.fetchListOfTweets() // where fetchListOfTweets initiates a netowrk request to fetch a certain list of tweets.
}

You could also set up subscriptions such as timers. Here’s an example:

// e.g requestAnimationFrame 
componentDidMount() {
    window.requestAnimationFrame(this._updateCountdown);
 }

// e.g event listeners 
componentDidMount() {
    el.addEventListener()
}

Just make sure to cancel the subscription when the component unmounts. I’ll show you how to do this when we discuss the componentWillUnmount lifecycle method.

Updating lifecycle methods

Whenever a change is made to the state or props of a React component, the component is rerendered. In simple terms, the component is updated. This is the updating phase of the React component lifecycle.

So what lifecycle methods are invoked when the component is to be updated?

1. static getDerivedStateFromProps()

The static getDerivedStateFromProps is the first React lifecycle method to be invoked during the updating phase. I already explained this method in the mounting phase, so I’ll skip it.

We already explained this method when reviewing the mounting lifecycle phase. What’s important to note is that this method is invoked in both the mounting and updating phases.

2. shouldComponentUpdate()

Oncethe static getDerivedStateFromProps method is called, the shouldComponentUpdate method is called next.

In most cases, you’ll want a component to rerender when state or props changes. However, you do have control over this behavior.

Within this lifecycle method, you can return a boolean  —  true or false — and control whether the component gets rerendered (e.g., upon a change in state or props).

This lifecycle method is mostly used for performance optimization measures. However, this is a very common use case, so you could use the built-in React.PureComponent when you don’t want a component to rerender if the stateand props don’t change.

3. render()

After the shouldComponentUpdate method is called, render is called immediately afterward, depending on the returned value from shouldComponentUpdate, which defaults to true .

4. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate()

The getSnapshotBeforeUpdatelifecycle method stores the previous values of the state after the DOM is updated. getSnapshotBeforeUpdate() is called right after the render method.

Most likely, you’ll rarely reach for this lifecycle method. But it comes in handy when you need to grab information from the DOM (and potentially change it) just after an update is made.

Here’s the important thing: the value queried from the DOM in getSnapshotBeforeUpdate refers to the value just before the DOM is updated, even though the render method was previously called.

Think about how you use version control systems, such as Git. A basic example is that you write code and stage your changes before pushing to the repo.

Let’s assume the render function was called to stage your changes before actually pushing to the DOM. Before the actual DOM update, information retrieved from getSnapshotBeforeUpdate refers to those before the actual visual DOM update.

Actual updates to the DOM may be asynchronous, but the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate lifecycle method is always called immediately before the DOM is updated.

This is a tricky method, so let’s look at another example.

A classic case where the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate lifecycle method comes in handy is in a chat application. I’ve gone ahead and added a chat pane to the previous example app:

The implementation of the chat pane is as simple as it looks. Within the App component is an unordered list with a Chats component:

<ul className="chat-thread">
    <Chats chatList={this.state.chatList} />
 </ul>

The Chats component renders the list of chats, and for this, it needs a chatList prop. This is basically an Array. In this case, an array of 3 string values, ["Hey", "Hello", "Hi"].

The Chats component has a simple implementation as follows:

class Chats extends Component {
  render() {
    return (
      <React.Fragment>
        {this.props.chatList.map((chat, i) => (
          <li key={i} className="chat-bubble">
            {chat}
          </li>
        ))}
      </React.Fragment>
    );
  }
}

It just maps through the chatList prop and renders a list item which is in turn styled to look like a chat bubble :).

Within the chat pane header is an Add Chat button:

Clicking this button will add a new chat text, “Hello”, to the list of rendered messages.

Here’s that in action:

The problem here, as with most chat applications is that whenever the number of chat messages exceeds the available height of the chat window, the expected behavior is to auto-scroll down the chat pane so that the latest chat message is visible. That’s not the case now:

Let’s see how we may solve this using the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate lifecycle method.

The way the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate lifecycle method works is that when it is invoked, it gets passed the previous props and state as arguments.

So we can use the prevProps and prevState parameters as shown below:

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
   
}

Within this method, you’re expected to either return a value or null:

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
   return value || null // where 'value' is a  valid JavaScript value    
}

Whatever value is returned here is then passed on to another lifecycle method. You’ll see what I mean soon.

The getSnapshotBeforeUpdate React lifecycle method doesn’t work on its own. It is meant to be used in conjunction with the componentDidUpdate lifecycle method.

5. componentDidUpdate()

The componentDidUpdate lifecycle method is invoked after the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate. As with the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate method it receives the previous props and state as arguments:

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
 
}

However, that’s not all.

Whatever value is returned from the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate lifecycle method is passed as the third argument to the componentDidUpdate method.

Let’s call the returned value from getSnapshotBeforeUpdate, snapshot, and here’s what we get thereafter:

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState, snapshot) {
 
}

With this knowledge, let’s solve the chat auto scroll position problem.

To solve this, I’ll need to remind (or teach) you some DOM geometry. So bear with me.

In the meantime, here’s all the code required to maintain the scroll position within the chat pane:

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
    if (this.state.chatList > prevState.chatList) {
      const chatThreadRef = this.chatThreadRef.current;
      return chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - chatThreadRef.scrollTop;
    }
    return null;
  }

  componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState, snapshot) {
    if (snapshot !== null) {
      const chatThreadRef = this.chatThreadRef.current;
      chatThreadRef.scrollTop = chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - snapshot;
    }
  }

Here’s the chat window:

However, the graphic below highlights the actual region that holds the chat messages (the unordered list, ul which houses the messages):

It is this ul we hold a reference to using a React Ref.

<ul className="chat-thread" ref={this.chatThreadRef}>
   ...
</ul>

First off, because getSnapshotBeforeUpdate may be triggered for updates via any number of props or even a state update, we wrap to code in a conditional that checks if there’s indeed a new chat message:

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
    if (this.state.chatList > prevState.chatList) {
      // write logic here
    }
    
  }

The getSnapshotBeforeUpdate has to return a value. If no chat message was added, we will just return null:

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
    if (this.state.chatList > prevState.chatList) {
      // write logic here
    }
    return null 
}

Now consider the full code for the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate method:

getSnapshotBeforeUpdate(prevProps, prevState) {
    if (this.state.chatList > prevState.chatList) {
      const chatThreadRef = this.chatThreadRef.current;
      return chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - chatThreadRef.scrollTop;
    }
    return null;
  }

First, consider a situation where the entire height of all chat messages doesn’t exceed the height of the chat pane:

Here, the expression chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - chatThreadRef.scrollTopwill be equivalent to chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - 0.

When this is evaluated, it’ll be equal to the scrollHeight of the chat pane — just before the new message is inserted to the DOM.

If you remember from the previous explanation, the value returned from the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate method is passed as the third argument to the componentDidUpdate method. We call this snapshot:

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState, snapshot) {
    
 }

The value passed in here — at this time, is the previous scrollHeight before the update to the DOM.

In the componentDidUpdate we have the following code, but what does it do?

componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState, snapshot) {
    if (snapshot !== null) {
      const chatThreadRef = this.chatThreadRef.current;
      chatThreadRef.scrollTop = chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - snapshot;
    }
  }

In actuality, we are programmatically scrolling the pane vertically from the top down, by a distance equal to chatThreadRef.scrollHeight - snapshot;.

Since snapshot refers to the scrollHeight before the update, the above expression returns the height of the new chat message plus any other related height owing to the update. Please see the graphic below:

When the entire chat pane height is occupied with messages (and already scrolled up a bit), the snapshot value returned by the getSnapshotBeforeUpdate method will be equal to the actual height of the chat pane:

The computation from componentDidUpdate will set to scrollTop value to the sum of the heights of extra messages, which is exactly what we want.

If you got stuck, I’m sure going through the explanation (one more time) or checking the source code will help clarify your questions. You can also use the comments section to ask me.

Unmounting lifecycle method

The following method is invoked during the component unmounting phase:

componentWillUnmount()

The componentWillUnmount lifecycle method is invoked immediately before a component is unmounted and destroyed. This is the ideal place to perform any necessary cleanup such as clearing up timers, cancelling network requests, or cleaning up any subscriptions that were created in componentDidMount() as shown below:

// e.g add event listener
componentDidMount() {
    el.addEventListener()
}

// e.g remove event listener 
componentWillUnmount() {
    el.removeEventListener()
 }

Error handling lifecycle methods

When things go bad in your code, errors are thrown. The following methods are invoked when an error is thrown by a descendant component (i.e., a component below them).

Let’s implement a simple component to catch errors in the demo app. For this, we’ll create a new component called ErrorBoundary.

Here’s the most basic implementation:

import React, { Component } from 'react';

class ErrorBoundary extends Component {
  state = {};
  render() {
    return null;
  }
}

export default ErrorBoundary;

static getDerivedStateFromError()

Whenever an error is thrown in a descendant component, this method is called first, and the error thrown passed as an argument.

Whatever value is returned from this method is used to update the state of the component.

Let’s update the ErrorBoundary component to use this lifecycle method:

import React, { Component } from "react";
class ErrorBoundary extends Component {
  state = {};

  static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
    console.log(`Error log from getDerivedStateFromError: ${error}`);
    return { hasError: true };
  }

  render() {
    return null;
  }
}

export default ErrorBoundary;

Right now, whenever an error is thrown in a descendant component, the error will be logged to the console, console.error(error), and an object is returned from the getDerivedStateFromError method. This will be used to update the state of the ErrorBoundary component i.e with hasError: true.

componentDidCatch()

The componentDidCatch method is also called after an error in a descendant component is thrown. Apart from the error thrown, it is passed one more argument which represents more information about the error:

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
    logToExternalService(error, info) // this is allowed. 
        //Where logToExternalService may make an API call.
}

In this method, you can send the error or info received to an external logging service. Unlike getDerivedStateFromError, the componentDidCatchallows for side-effects:

componentDidCatch(error, info) {
    logToExternalService(error, info) // this is allowed. 
        //Where logToExternalService may make an API call.
}

Let’s update the ErrorBoundary component to use this lifecycle method:

import React, { Component } from "react";
class ErrorBoundary extends Component {
  state = { hasError: false };

  static getDerivedStateFromError(error) {
    console.log(`Error log from getDerivedStateFromError: ${error}`);
    return { hasError: true };
  }

  componentDidCatch(error, info) {
    console.log(`Error log from componentDidCatch: ${error}`);
    console.log(info);
  }

  render() {
    return null
  }
}

export default ErrorBoundary;

Also, since the ErrorBoundary can only catch errors from descendant components, we’ll have the component render whatever is passed as Children or render a default error UI if something went wrong:

... 

render() {
    if (this.state.hasError) {
      return <h1>Something went wrong.</h1>;
    }

    return this.props.children;
}

I have simulated a JavaScript error whenever you add a fifth chat message. Have a look at the error boundary at work:

Conclusion

It’s been a long discourse on the subject of lifecycle methods in React , including the new additions with React 17. I hope this tutorial and the practical examples we walked through helped you gain a better understanding of what React lifecycle methods are and how they work.

Catch you later!