React Hooks cheat sheet: Best practices with examples

Editor’s note: This React Hooks tutorial was last updated in January 2021 to include more React Hooks best practices and examples.

React Hooks have a very simple API, but given its massive community and variety of use cases, questions are bound to arise around React Hooks best practices and how to solve common problems.

In this tutorial, we’ll outline some React Hooks best practices and highlight some use cases with examples, from simple to advanced scenarios. To help demonstrate how to solve common React Hooks questions, I built an accompanying web app for live interaction with the examples herein.

React Hooks cheat sheet: Best practices and examples

This React Hooks cheat sheet includes a lot of code snippets and assumes some Hooks fluency. If you’re completely new to Hooks, you may want to start with our React Hooks API reference guide.

Included in this React Hooks cheat sheet are best practices related to the following Hooks:

• useState
• useEffect
• useContext
• useLayoutEffect
• useReducer
• useCallback
• useMemo
• useRef

useState

useState lets you use local state within a function component. You pass the initial state to this function and it returns a variable with the current state value (not necessarily the initial state) and another function to update this value.

Check out this React useState video tutorial:

Declare state variable

Declaring a state variable is as simple as calling useState with some initial state value, like so: useState(initialStateValue).

const DeclareStateVar = () => {
  const [count] = useState(100)
  return <div> State variable is {count}</div>
}

Update state variable

Updating a state variable is as simple as invoking the updater function returned by the useState invocation: const [stateValue, updaterFn] = useState(initialStateValue);.

We made a custom demo for .
No really. Click here to check it out.

Click here to see the full demo with network requests

Here’s the code responsible for the screencast above:

const UpdateStateVar = () => {
  const [age, setAge] = useState(19)
  const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)

  return (
    <div>
      Today I am {age} Years of Age
      <div>
        <button onClick={handleClick}>Get older! </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

Why does the React useState Hook not update immediately?

If you find that useState/setState are not updating immediately, the answer is simple: they’re just queues.

React useState and setState don’t make changes directly to the state object; they create queues to optimize performance, which is why the changes don’t update immediately.

React Hooks and multiple state variables

Multiple state variables may be used and updated from within a functional component, as shown below:

Here’s the code responsible for the screencast above:

const MultipleStateVars = () => {
  const [age, setAge] = useState(19)
  const [siblingsNum, setSiblingsNum] = 
    useState(10)

  const handleAge = () => setAge(age + 1)
  const handleSiblingsNum = () => 
      setSiblingsNum(siblingsNum + 1)
 

  return (
    <div>
      <p>Today I am {age} Years of Age</p>
      <p>I have {siblingsNum} siblings</p>

      <div>
        <button onClick={handleAge}>
          Get older! 
        </button>
        <button onClick={handleSiblingsNum}>
            More siblings! 
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

Use object state variable

As opposed to strings and numbers, you could also use an object as the initial value passed to useState.

Note that you have to pass the entire object to the useState updater function because the object is replaced, not merged.

// 🐢 setState (object merge) vs useState (object replace)
// assume initial state is {name: "Ohans"}

setState({ age: 'unknown' })
// new state object will be
// {name: "Ohans", age: "unknown"}

useStateUpdater({ age: 'unknown' })
// new state object will be
// {age: "unknown"} - initial object is replaced

Here’s the code for the screencast above:

const StateObject = () => {
  const [state, setState] = useState({ age: 19, siblingsNum: 4 })
  const handleClick = val =>
    setState({
      ...state,
      [val]: state[val] + 1
    })
  const { age, siblingsNum } = state

  return (
    <div>
      <p>Today I am {age} Years of Age</p>
      <p>I have {siblingsNum} siblings</p>

      <div>
        <button onClick={handleClick.bind(null, 'age')}>Get older!</button>
        <button onClick={handleClick.bind(null, 'siblingsNum')}>
          More siblings!
        </button>
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

Initialize state from function

As opposed to just passing an initial state value, state could also be initialized from a function, as shown below:

const StateFromFn = () => {
  const [token] = useState(() => {
    let token = window.localStorage.getItem("my-token");
    return token || "default#-token#"
  })

  return <div>Token is {token}</div>
}

Functional setState

The updater function returned from invoking useState can also take a function similar to the good ol’ setState:

const [value, updateValue] = useState(0)
// both forms of invoking "updateValue" below are valid 👇
updateValue(1);
updateValue(previousValue => previousValue + 1);

This is ideal when the state update depends on some previous value of state.

Here’s the code for the screencast above:

const CounterFnSetState = () => {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  return (
    <>
      <p>Count value is: {count}</p>
      <button onClick={() => setCount(0)}>Reset</button>
      <button 
        onClick={() => setCount(prevCount => prevCount + 1)}>
        Plus (+)
      </button>
      <button 
        onClick={() => setCount(prevCount => prevCount - 1)}>
       Minus (-)
      </button>
    </>
  );
}

Here’s a live, editable useState cheat sheet if you want to dive deeper on your own.

useEffect

With useEffect, you invoke side effects from within functional components, which is an important concept to understand in the React Hooks era.

Basic side effect

Here’s the code responsible for the screencast above:

const BasicEffect = () => {
  const [age, setAge] = useState(0)
  const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)

  useEffect(() => {
    document.title = 'You are ' + age + ' years old!'
  })

  return <div>
    <p> Look at the title of the current tab in your browser </p>
    <button onClick={handleClick}>Update Title!! </button>
  </div>
}

Effect with cleanup

It’s pretty common to clean up an effect after some time. This is possible by returning a function from within the effect function passed to useEffect. Below is an example with addEventListener.

const EffectCleanup = () => {
  useEffect(() => {
    const clicked = () => console.log('window clicked')
    window.addEventListener('click', clicked)

    // return a clean-up function
    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener('click', clicked)
    }
  }, [])

  return <div>
    When you click the window you'll 
    find a message logged to the console
  </div>
}

Multiple effects

Multiple useEffect calls can happen within a functional component, as shown below:

const MultipleEffects = () => {
  // 🍟
  useEffect(() => {
    const clicked = () => console.log('window clicked')
    window.addEventListener('click', clicked)

    return () => {
      window.removeEventListener('click', clicked)
    }
  }, [])

  // 🍟 another useEffect hook 
  useEffect(() => {
    console.log("another useEffect call");
  })

  return <div>
    Check your console logs
  </div>
}

Note thatuseEffect calls can be skipped — i.e., not invoked on every render. This is done by passing a second array argument to the effect function.

Skipping effects (array dependency)

const ArrayDepMount = () => {
  const [randomNumber, setRandomNumber] = useState(0)
  const [effectLogs, setEffectLogs] = useState([])

  useEffect(
    () => {
      setEffectLogs(prevEffectLogs => [...prevEffectLogs, 'effect fn has been invoked'])
    },
    []
  )

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{randomNumber}</h1>
      <button
        onClick={() => {
          setRandomNumber(Math.random())
        }}
      >
        Generate random number!
      </button>
      <div>
        {effectLogs.map((effect, index) => (
          <div key={index}>{'🍔'.repeat(index) + effect}</div>
        ))}
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

In the example above, useEffect is passed an array of one value: [randomNumber].

Thus, the effect function will be called on mount and whenever a new random number is generated.

Here’s the Generate random number button being clicked and the effect function being rerun upon generating a new random number:

Skipping effects (empty array dependency)

In this example, useEffect is passed an empty array, []. Therefore, the effect function will be called only on mount.

const ArrayDepMount = () => {
  const [randomNumber, setRandomNumber] = useState(0)
  const [effectLogs, setEffectLogs] = useState([])

  useEffect(
    () => {
      setEffectLogs(prevEffectLogs => [...prevEffectLogs, 'effect fn has been invoked'])
    },
    []
  )

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{randomNumber}</h1>
      <button
        onClick={() => {
          setRandomNumber(Math.random())
        }}
      >
        Generate random number!
      </button>
      <div>
        {effectLogs.map((effect, index) => (
          <div key={index}>{'🍔'.repeat(index) + effect}</div>
        ))}
      </div>
    </div>
  )
}

Here’s the button being clicked and the effect function not invoked:

Skipping effects (no array dependency)

Without an array dependency, the effect function will be run after every single render.

useEffect(() => {
console.log(“This will be logged after every render!”)
})

Here’s a live, editable useEffect cheat sheet if you’d like to explore further.

useContext

useContext saves you the stress of having to rely on a Context consumer. React Context has a simpler API when compared to MyContext.Consumer and the render props API it exposes.

Context is React’s way of handling shared data between multiple components.

The following example highlights the difference between consuming a context object value via useContext or Context.Consumer:

// example Context object
const ThemeContext = React.createContext("dark");

// usage with context Consumer
function Button() {
  return <ThemeContext.Consumer>
        {theme => <button className={theme}> Amazing button </button>}
  </ThemeContext.Consumer>
}


// usage with useContext hook 
import {useContext} from 'react';

function ButtonHooks() {
 const theme = useContext(ThemeContext)
 return <button className={theme}>Amazing button</button>
}

Here’s a live example with useContext:

And here’s the code responsible for the example above:

const ThemeContext = React.createContext('light');

const Display = () => {
 const theme = useContext(ThemeContext);
 return <div
        style={{
        background: theme === 'dark' ? 'black' : 'papayawhip',
        color: theme === 'dark' ? 'white' : 'palevioletred',
        width: '100%',
        minHeight: '200px'
        }}
    >
        {'The theme here is ' + theme}
    </div>
}

Here’s a live, editable React Context cheat sheet if you’d like to tinker around yourself.

useLayoutEffect

useLayoutEffect has the very same signature as useEffect. We’ll discuss the difference between useLayoutEffect and useEffect below.

useLayoutEffect(() => {
//do something
}, [arrayDependency])

Similar usage as useEffect

Here’s the same example for useEffect built with useLayoutEffect:

And here’s the code:

const ArrayDep = () => {
    const [randomNumber, setRandomNumber] = useState(0)
    const [effectLogs, setEffectLogs] = useState([])
  
    useLayoutEffect(
      () => {
        setEffectLogs(prevEffectLogs => [...prevEffectLogs, 'effect fn has been invoked'])
      },
      [randomNumber]
    )
  
    return (
      <div>
        <h1>{randomNumber}</h1>
        <button
          onClick={() => {
            setRandomNumber(Math.random())
          }}
        >
          Generate random number!
        </button>
        <div>
          {effectLogs.map((effect, index) => (
            <div key={index}>{'🍔'.repeat(index) + effect}</div>
          ))}
        </div>
      </div>
    )
  }

useLayoutEffect vs. useEffect

What’s the difference between useEffect and useLayoutEffect? The function passed to useEffect fires after layout and paint — i.e., after the render has been committed to the screen. This is OK for most side effects that shouldn’t block the browser from updating the screen.

There are cases where you may not want the behavior useEffect provides, though; for example, if you need to make a visual change to the DOM as a side effect, useEffect won’t be the best choice.

To prevent the user from seeing flickers of changes, you can use useLayoutEffect. The function passed to useLayoutEffect will be run before the browser updates the screen.

You can read my follow-up piece for a deep dive on the differences between useEffect and useLayoutEffect.

Here’s a live, editable useLayoutEffect cheat sheet.

useReducer

useReducer may be used as an alternative to useState. It’s ideal for complex state logic where there’s a dependency on previous state values or a lot of state sub-values.

Depending on your use case, you may find useReducer quite testable.

Basic usage

As opposed to calling useState, call useReducer with a reducer and initialState, as shown below. The useReducer call returns the state property and a dispatch function.

Here’s the code responsible for the above screencast:

const initialState = { width: 15 };

const reducer = (state, action) => {
  switch (action) {
    case 'plus':
      return { width: state.width + 15 }
    case 'minus':
      return { width: Math.max(state.width - 15, 2) }
    default:
      throw new Error("what's going on?" )
  }
}

const Bar = () => {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState)
  return <>
    <div style={{ background: 'teal', height: '30px', width: state.width }}></div>
    <div style={{marginTop: '3rem'}}>
        <button onClick={() => dispatch('plus')}>Increase bar size</button>
        <button onClick={() => dispatch('minus')}>Decrease bar size</button>
    </div>
    </>
}

ReactDOM.render(<Bar />)

Initialize state lazily

useReducer takes a third function parameter. You may initialize state from this function, and whatever’s returned from this function is returned as the state object. This function will be called with initialState — the second parameter.

Here’s the code for the example above:

const initializeState = () => ({
  width: 100
})

// ✅ note how the value returned from the fn above overrides initialState below: 
const initialState = { width: 15 }
const reducer = (state, action) => {
  switch (action) {
    case 'plus':
      return { width: state.width + 15 }
    case 'minus':
      return { width: Math.max(state.width - 15, 2) }
    default:
      throw new Error("what's going on?" )
  }
}

const Bar = () => {
  const [state, dispatch] = useReducer(reducer, initialState, initializeState)
  return <>
    <div style={{ background: 'teal', height: '30px', width: state.width }}></div>
    <div style={{marginTop: '3rem'}}>
        <button onClick={() => dispatch('plus')}>Increase bar size</button>
        <button onClick={() => dispatch('minus')}>Decrease bar size</button>
    </div>
    </>
}

ReactDOM.render(Bar)

Imitate the behavior of this.setState

useReducer uses a reducer that isn’t as strict as Redux’s. For example, the second parameter passed to the reducer, action, doesn’t need to have a type property.

This allows for interesting manipulations, such as renaming the second parameter and doing the following:

const initialState = { width: 15 }; 

const reducer = (state, newState) => ({
  ...state,
  width: newState.width
})

const Bar = () => {
  const [state, setState] = useReducer(reducer, initialState)
  return <>
    <div style={{ background: 'teal', height: '30px', width: state.width }}></div>
    <div style={{marginTop: '3rem'}}>
        <button onClick={() => setState({width: 100})}>Increase bar size</button>
        <button onClick={() => setState({width: 3})}>Decrease bar size</button>
    </div>
    </>
}

ReactDOM.render(Bar)

Here’s an editable useReducer cheat sheet.

useCallback

useCallback returns a memoized callback. Wrapping a component with React.Memo() signals the intent to reuse code. This does not automatically extend to functions passed as parameters.

React saves a reference to the function when wrapped with useCallback. Pass this reference as a property to new components to reduce rendering time.

useCallback example

The following example will form the basis of the explanations and code snippets that follow.

And here’s the code:

const App = () => {
    const [age, setAge] = useState(99)
    const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)
    const someValue = "someValue"
    const doSomething = () => {
      return someValue
    }
  
    return (
      <div>
        <Age age={age} handleClick={handleClick}/>
        <Instructions doSomething={doSomething} />
      </div>
    )
}

const Age = ({ age, handleClick }) => {
  return (
    <div>
      <div style={{ border: '2px', background: "papayawhip", padding: "1rem" }}>
        Today I am {age} Years of Age
      </div>
      <pre> - click the button below 👇 </pre>
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Get older! </button>
    </div>
  )
}

const Instructions = React.memo((props) => {
  return (
    <div style={{ background: 'black', color: 'yellow', padding: "1rem" }}>
      <p>Follow the instructions above as closely as possible</p>
    </div>
  )
})

ReactDOM.render (
  <App />
)

In the example above, the parent component, <Age />, is updated (and re-rendered) whenever the Get older button is clicked.

Consequently, the <Instructions /> child component is also re-rendered because the doSomething prop is passed a new callback with a new reference.

Note that even though the Instructions child component uses React.memo to optimize performance, it is still re-rendered.

How can this be fixed to prevent <Instructions /> from re-rendering needlessly?

useCallback with referenced function

const App = () => {
  const [age, setAge] = useState(99)
  const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)
  const someValue = "someValue"
  const doSomething = useCallback(() => {
    return someValue
  }, [someValue])

  return (
    <div>
      <Age age={age} handleClick={handleClick} />
      <Instructions doSomething={doSomething} />
    </div>
  )
}

const Age = ({ age, handleClick }) => {
  return (
    <div>
      <div style={{ border: '2px', background: "papayawhip", padding: "1rem" }}>
        Today I am {age} Years of Age
      </div>
      <pre> - click the button below 👇 </pre>
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Get older! </button>
    </div>
  )
}

const Instructions = React.memo((props) => {
  return (
    <div style={{ background: 'black', color: 'yellow', padding: "1rem" }}>
      <p>Follow the instructions above as closely as possible</p>
    </div>
  )
})

ReactDOM.render(<App />)

useCallback with inline function

useCallback also works with an inline function as well. Here’s the same solution with an inline useCallback call:

const App = () => {
  const [age, setAge] = useState(99)
  const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)
  const someValue = "someValue"

  return (
    <div>
      <Age age={age} handleClick={handleClick} />
      <Instructions doSomething={useCallback(() => {
        return someValue
      }, [someValue])} />
    </div>
  )
}

const Age = ({ age, handleClick }) => {
  return (
    <div>
      <div style={{ border: '2px', background: "papayawhip", padding: "1rem" }}>
        Today I am {age} Years of Age
      </div>
      <pre> - click the button below 👇 </pre>
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Get older! </button>
    </div>
  )
}

const Instructions = memo((props) => {
  return (
    <div style={{ background: 'black', color: 'yellow', padding: "1rem" }}>
      <p>Follow the instructions above as closely as possible</p>
    </div>
  )
})

render(<App />)

Here’s live, editable useCallback cheat sheet.

useMemo

The useMemo function returns a memoized value. useMemo is different from useCallback in that it internalizes return values instead of entire functions. Rather than passing a handle to the same function, React skips the function and returns the previous result, until the parameters change.

This allows you to avoid repeatedly performing potentially costly operations until necessary. Use this method with care, as any changing variables defined in the function do not affect the behavior of useMemo. If you’re performing timestamp additions, for instance, this method does not care that the time changes, only that the function parameters differ.

useMemo example

The following example will form the basis of the explanations and code snippets that follow.

Here’s the code responsible for the screenshot above:

const App = () => {
    const [age, setAge] = useState(99)
    const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)
    const someValue = { value: "someValue" }
    const doSomething = () => {
      return someValue
    }
  
    return (
      <div>
        <Age age={age} handleClick={handleClick}/>
        <Instructions doSomething={doSomething} />
      </div>
    )
}

const Age = ({ age, handleClick }) => {
  return (
    <div>
      <div style={{ border: '2px', background: "papayawhip", padding: "1rem" }}>
        Today I am {age} Years of Age
      </div>
      <pre> - click the button below 👇 </pre>
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Get older! </button>
    </div>
  )
}

const Instructions = React.memo((props) => {
  return (
    <div style={{ background: 'black', color: 'yellow', padding: "1rem" }}>
      <p>Follow the instructions above as closely as possible</p>
    </div>
  )
})

ReactDOM.render (
  <App />
)

The example above is similar to the one for useCallback. The only difference here is that someValue is an object, not a string. Owing to this, the Instructions component still re-renders despite the use of React.memo.

Why? Objects are compared by reference, and the reference to someValue changes whenever <App /> re-renders.

Any solutions?

Basic usage

The object someValue may be memoized using useMemo. This prevents the needless re-render.

const App = () => {
    const [age, setAge] = useState(99)
    const handleClick = () => setAge(age + 1)
    const someValue = useMemo(() => ({ value: "someValue" }))
    const doSomething = () => {
      return someValue
    }
  
    return (
      <div>
        <Age age={age} handleClick={handleClick}/>
        <Instructions doSomething={doSomething} />
      </div>
    )
}

const Age = ({ age, handleClick }) => {
  return (
    <div>
      <div style={{ border: '2px', background: "papayawhip", padding: "1rem" }}>
        Today I am {age} Years of Age
      </div>
      <pre> - click the button below 👇 </pre>
      <button onClick={handleClick}>Get older! </button>
    </div>
  )
}

const Instructions = React.memo((props) => {
  return (
    <div style={{ background: 'black', color: 'yellow', padding: "1rem" }}>
      <p>Follow the instructions above as closely as possible</p>
    </div>
  )
})

ReactDOM.render (<App />)

Here’s a live, editable useMemo demo.

useRef

useRef returns a “ref” object. Values are accessed from the .current property of the returned object. The .current property could be initialized to an initial value — useRef(initialValue), for example. The object is persisted for the entire lifetime of the component.

Learn more in this comprehensive useRefs guide or check out our useRefs video tutorial:

Accessing the DOM

Consider the sample application below:

Here’s the code responsible for the screencast above:

const AccessDOM = () => {
  const textAreaEl = useRef(null);
  const handleBtnClick = () => {
    textAreaEl.current.value =
    "The is the story of your life. You are an human being, and you're on a website about React Hooks";
    textAreaEl.current.focus();
  };
  return (
    <section style={{ textAlign: "center" }}>
      <div>
        <button onClick={handleBtnClick}>Focus and Populate Text Field</button>
      </div>
      <label
        htmlFor="story"
        style={{
          display: "block",
          background: "olive",
          margin: "1em",
          padding: "1em"
        }}
      >
        The input box below will be focused and populated with some text
        (imperatively) upon clicking the button above.
      </label>
      <textarea ref={textAreaEl} id="story" rows="5" cols="33" />
    </section>
  );
};

Instance-like variables (generic container)

Other than just holding DOM refs, the “ref” object can hold any value. Consider a similar application below, where the ref object holds a string value:

Here’s the code:

const HoldStringVal = () => {
    const textAreaEl = useRef(null);
    const stringVal = useRef("This is a string saved via the ref object --- ")
    const handleBtnClick = () => {
      textAreaEl.current.value =
      stringVal.current + "The is the story of your life. You are an human being, and you're on a website about React Hooks";
      textAreaEl.current.focus();
    };
    return (
      <section style={{ textAlign: "center" }}>
        <div>
          <button onClick={handleBtnClick}>Focus and Populate Text Field</button>
        </div>
        <label
          htmlFor="story"
          style={{
            display: "block",
            background: "olive",
            margin: "1em",
            padding: "1em"
          }}
        >
          Prepare to see text from the ref object here. Click button above.
        </label>
        <textarea ref={textAreaEl} id="story" rows="5" cols="33" />
      </section>
    );
  };

You could do the same as storing the return value from a setInterval for cleanup.

function TimerWithRefID() {
  const setIntervalRef = useRef();

  useEffect(() => {
    const intervalID = setInterval(() => {
      // something to be done every 100ms
    }, 100);

    // this is where the interval ID is saved in the ref object 
    setIntervalRef.current = intervalID;
    return () => {
      clearInterval(setIntervalRef.current);
    };
  });
}

Other examples

Working on a near-real-world example can help bring your knowledge of Hooks to life. Until data fetching with React Suspense is released, fetching data via Hooks proves to be a good exercise for more Hooks practice.

Below’s an example of fetching data with a loading indicator:

The code appears below:

const fetchData = () => {
  const stringifyData = data => JSON.stringify(data, null, 2)
  const initialData = stringifyData({ data: null })
  const loadingData = stringifyData({ data: 'loading...' })
  const [data, setData] = useState(initialData)

  const [gender, setGender] = useState('female')
  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false)

  useEffect(
    () => {
      const fetchData = () => {
        setLoading(true)
        const uri = 'https://randomuser.me/api/?gender=' + gender
        fetch(uri)
          .then(res => res.json())
          .then(({ results }) => {
            setLoading(false)
            const { name, gender, dob } = results[0]
            const dataVal = stringifyData({
              ...name,
              gender,
              age: dob.age
            })
            setData(dataVal)
          })
      }

      fetchData()
    },
    [gender]
  )

  return (
    <>
      <button
        onClick={() => setGender('male')}
        style={{ outline: gender === 'male' ? '1px solid' : 0 }}
      >
        Fetch Male User
      </button>
      <button
        onClick={() => setGender('female')}
        style={{ outline: gender === 'female' ? '1px solid' : 0 }}
      >
        Fetch Female User
      </button>

      <section>
        {loading ? <pre>{loadingData}</pre> : <pre>{data}</pre>}
      </section>
    </>
  )
}

Here’ a live, editable useRef cheat sheet.

Conclusion

Hooks give a lot of power to functional components. I hope this cheat sheet proves useful in your day-to-day use of React Hooks.

Cheers!

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