What you actually need to build and ship AI-powered apps in 2025

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The AI stack has become increasingly confusing and complex. We’ve gone from two major players (OpenAI and Anthropic) in 2023 to over 200 providers, dozens of vector databases, and a constant stream of new “AI-native” tools launching weekly. AI applications are no longer in the experimental phase. These technologies have now matured to production-ready applications that enterprises can deploy at scale.

The good news is that the chaos can be simplified. Underneath the hype, every production-grade AI application is built on the same foundation: a stack of layers that work together.

In this article, we’ll break down those layers, show how today’s tools fit into each, and outline what matters when moving from a prototype to a production-ready AI system. You’ll walk away with a clear mental model for:

• The four core layers of the modern AI stack
• The role different tools play in each layer
• A practical roadmap for getting started and scaling to production

Think of this as a map of the AI landscape. Through this article, you’ll understand how everything fits together and what you actually need to build.

The 4 layers of modern AI stack

Layer 1: Compute & foundational models

This is the core of the modern AI stack, and contains the foundational models, or the “brain” of the AI system. It provides the essential infrastructure for model training, fine-tuning, and deployment.

• Compute providers: This includes cloud service providers like AWS, Google Cloud, and Azure, which offer access to powerful chips from companies like NVIDIA. These resources are essential for the computationally intensive process of training large models.
• Foundational models: Foundational models are AI models that are pre-trained on vast amounts of data and provide the foundational layer for other models to be trained on. Examples include OpenAI’s GPT series (like GPT-4) for natural language processing and DALL-E for image generation, and Meta AI’s Llama models. They are versatile and adaptable and can be further trained and fine-tuned to build specialized downstream applications.
• Model training & fine-tuning: Foundational models can be further refined through techniques like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) or Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF). Companies such as Modular, Lightning, and Lamini specialize in these processes, building on top of high-quality, pre-trained models like Llama-2 and Falcon.Once fine-tuned, the model is ready for inference. In the inference stage, a model must determine – using its learned patterns – what the new data represents. Companies that focus on serving and scaling trained models in production (inference) include Baseten, Replicate, Modal, OctoAI, and RunPod. These platforms provide optimized infrastructure, deployment pipelines, and APIs to make inference fast, cost-effective, and developer-friendly.

Layer 2: Data & retrieval

This is the data and memory layer of the modern AI stack. While LLMs are trained on massive but static datasets, they cannot stay up to date or context-aware on their own. This layer ensures that models can connect to real-world, enterprise, and application-specific data, so their responses remain accurate, relevant, and trustworthy.

It involves collecting, cleaning, structuring, storing, and retrieving data in ways that make it useful for AI systems. Without this layer, models risk hallucinating, pulling from stale information, or introducing compliance/security risks.

• Data pre-processing, ETL, and pipelines: This layer begins with cleaning and structuring data through tools like Unstructured.io, which parses PDFs, emails, and docs, and Cleanlab or Datology.ai, which detect and fix labeling errors. ETL systems like Indexify and Lexy then transform and enrich the data, moving it into AI-ready pipelines. This step ensures the input that reaches an LLM is clean, structured, and usable.
• Databases and retrieval systems: Once processed, data needs to be stored and retrieved efficiently. Vector databases such as Pinecone, Weaviate, Qdrant, Redis, and Convex store embeddings to enable semantic search for use cases like recommendation engines, enterprise search, and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). To support speed and scalability, lightweight and serverless options like Upstash, Momento, and Neon provide caching and low-latency access for real-time applications.

Layer 3: Deployment and orchestration

This is the execution layer of the AI stack. While Layer 1 provides models and compute, and Layer 2 handles data, this layer focuses on making AI systems production-ready. Raw API calls aren’t enough — you need orchestration for prompt management, retries, caching, routing, and agent workflows to turn a single model call into a reliable application.

• Agent frameworks and model routing: Tools like LangChain, Microsoft Semantic Kernel, and Hugging Face OCA allow developers to connect models with APIs, data sources, and tools. They handle chaining prompts, coordinating agents, and routing requests across multiple models.
• Prompt and security management: Solutions like Vellum, AgentOps, LangSmith, and Guardrails AI manage prompts, add observability, and enforce safety. Governance tools like Alation and privacy filters ensure that enterprise AI systems remain compliant, predictable, and trustworthy.

Layer 4: Observability and optimization

This is the monitoring and improvement layer of the AI stack. Once applications are in production, teams need visibility into model performance, safety, and cost. Without observability, it’s impossible to detect regressions, track drift, or optimize reliably.

• Tracing and evaluation: Tools like Helicone and AgentOps provide tracing, experiment tracking, and debugging. They help developers see how prompts, chains, and agents perform in production.
• Security and governance: Platforms such as Credal.ai and CalypsoAI enforce compliance, privacy filters, and policy-based security. These ensure that sensitive data stays protected while models operate responsibly.

These layers can feel confusing, so let’s break down how you go from interacting with an AI application, like ChatGPT, to integrating with an LLM model.

Core building blocks of AI apps: How these layers map into real apps

A production-grade AI application is more than a simple model call. Here’s a breakdown of the core building blocks of a typical AI app:

1. Frontend UI

The user interacts with an LLM application typically through a chatbot-like interface. LLM models often return streaming inputs, aka continuous output of information such as in ChatGPT.

Therefore, a frontend application must be able to handle streaming input and applications. Frameworks such as Next.js and SvelteKit make it easier to receive streaming inputs. The user types a query into a responsive interface such as a chatbot, and the UI sends the query to the backend while rendering a loading state. As the output starts streaming in, the UI updates and shows the real-time, streamed-in output.

Options: React, Next.js, SvelteKit, Vue, SolidJS, Vercel AI SDK, Angular

2. Backend and API gateway

The backend layer receives the query from the frontend and applies business logic. It then decides whether it needs to connect to an LLM to generate output or get extra context from a vector store. The backend application may also manage user data and business data through a database. This layer orchestrates the entire AI workflow, handling request processing, context management for conversations, model selection, and response formatting.

It integrates with external APIs, manages user sessions, and implements complex business rules. Modern AI backends often use event-driven architectures with message queues for handling long-running AI tasks and microservice patterns for different AI capabilities.

Options: Powered by serverless functions or APIs written in Python (FastAPI, Django, Flask), JavaScript/TypeScript (Node.js, Express), Go (Gin, Echo), Rust (Axum, Warp), Java (Spring Boot), C# (.NET Core) orPHP (Laravel)

3. Vector search and RAG

If more context is needed, the backend queries the vector database for similar data. An example is a recommendation flow in Netflix where the user sees similar movies also available on Netflix. These movies are fetched from a vector database that contains embeddings or vector representations of the data.

The RAG pipeline enables AI applications to work with custom knowledge bases, such as enterprise data about customers, and provide accurate, up-to-date information beyond the model’s training data.

Options: Pinecone, Convex, Weaviate, Qdrant.

4. LLM orchestration and agent framework

This orchestration layer is the interface between the actual LLM model and the web application. This layer manages complex AI workflows, including prompt engineering with templates and few-shot examples, multi-agent coordination for complex tasks, tool integration enabling AI to use APIs and external services, and memory management for conversations.

Options: LangChain, LlamaIndex, CrewAI, Haystack

5. Model provider

This is the brain of the AI application. The LLM layer has pretrained data and merges the user’s input with the retrieved context. It then sends an enriched prompt to the model provider. The model generates a response, which could be partial (streaming) or complete. The output is sent back to the orchestration layer for final formatting.

Options: OpenAI, Hugging Face, Anthropic, Google Gemini

6. Observability and monitoring

Having observability is key to maintaining a production-grade application, especially in AI applications. Every step is logged – input size, latency, errors, and user feedback.

Frontend observability tracks user interactions, streaming response performance, UI errors, and client-side AI features like voice input failures or multimodal content rendering issues.

Options: DataDog, New Relic, LogRocket.

AI-specific monitoring includes model performance tracking, hallucination detection, bias monitoring, cost tracking for token usage, user interaction analytics, and A/B testing for different prompts or models.

Options: LangSmith (LangChain), Humanloop, Helicone

Example stacks

Starter pack: For prototype development

Frontend	React / NextJS, Tailwind / shadcn/ui, Server-Sent Events (SSE) for streaming response
Backend	Vercel Edge functions, NextJS API routes, TypeScript, Convex / Supabase, Clerk auth
Vector Store	Convex, Pinecone Starter, OpenAI embeddings
Orchestration	Vercel AI SDK, LangChain
Models	OpenAI GPT, Anthropic Claude
Observability	Vercel Analytics
Hosting	Vercel / Netlify
Cost	$0 – 200 / month

Production stack: For reliability and scalability

Frontend	Next.js with SSR, ISR & Edge caching, TanStack Query, RadixUI/ChakraUI + Design System, Websockets + SSE hybrid
Backend	Kubernetes with microservices, Supabase Pro / Neon Pro, Auth0 / Clerk
Vector Store	Pinecone, Qdrant, Weaviate, Unstructured.io, Databricks for large-scale processing
Orchestration	LangGraph, Vellum, Temporal for custom workflows
Models	OpenAI, Anthropic, Deepmind, Llama
Observability	Datadog, New Relic, LangSmith + Weights & Biases, Grafana
Eval / Guardrails	promptfoo
Hosting	AWS, GCP, Azure
Caching	Redis / Upstash Redis
File Storage	Cloudflare

Migration path

Phase 1: Foundation (Months 1-2)

Start with Starter Stack – Next.js + Vercel AI SDK + Convex + 1 model. Focus on validating the use case and gathering user feedback.

Phase 2: Scale preparation (Months 3-4)

Add an additional model, upgrade database, implement proper monitoring (Sentry + LangSmith), and optimize performance.

Phase 3: Production readiness (Months 5-6)

Migrate to microservices, implement enterprise authentication, add data governance, establish redundancy and backup strategies.

Phase 4: Advanced AI (Months 7+)

Custom fine-tuned models, complex agent workflows, multi-region deployment, advanced optimization, and cost management.

Key decision points

Upgrade when you have:

• 10,000 daily active users
• 10GB of knowledge base content
• 99.9%+ SLA requirements
• Enterprise compliance needs
• Team size >10 developers

Critical decisions to make

Single-modal vs multimodal AI

A modality refers to a type of data, such as text, images, audio, video, code, mathematical equations, or radar data.

Single-modal AI focuses on one modality at a time. For example, a language model trained only on text, or an image recognition model trained only on pictures. These systems often achieve high accuracy and efficiency within their specific domain because they are specialized.

Multimodal AI can process and combine multiple modalities such as text, images, audio, and video to generate a more holistic understanding of information.

When to use single-modal AI

Single-modality systems are ideal when deep expertise in a narrow field is required. Examples include natural language processing for chatbots and translation, or image recognition for medical imaging and facial recognition. These models tend to be lighter, faster, and less expensive to build and run.

When to use multimodal AI

Multimodal systems shine when context comes from different data streams at once. Autonomous vehicles rely on visual input from cameras, auditory input from sensors, and radar or LiDAR data. AI assistants benefit from the ability to see, hear, and respond to users naturally.

However, multimodal AI is resource-intensive, demanding more data, compute power, and longer development times, which means higher costs.

In short, single-modal AI gives you depth in one domain, while multimodal AI gives you breadth across domains.

Real-time/streaming or batch processing

In real-time processing, data is continuously processed as it arrives, and immediate output is provided. This works well for time-sensitive applications such as fraud detection or recommendation engines. The tradeoff is that streaming systems are high-maintenance and require intensive resources to manage.

Batch processing, on the other hand, is an efficient way of handling large amounts of data in predefined chunks. Data is collected, entered, and processed at regular intervals, and results are produced in bulk.

Since data is processed in batches, it is less resource-intensive and generally lower in cost. This approach is common for large-scale tasks such as log analysis, credit card statement generation, or test data generation.

Batch processing typically has higher latency because results depend on the batch cycle, which could range from minutes to days. Real-time or streaming systems, by contrast, provide instantaneous output with low latency.

It’s important to note that real-time data requires less storage since it is consumed immediately, while batch processing often demands larger storage capacity to hold the accumulated data before processing.

Real-time is best for chats, copilots, and interactive search. Batch processing is best for nightly enrichment, summarization, and indexing.

As a rule of thumb: if a user is waiting, stream.

Streaming or complete responses

When you make a request to an API, the model can generate the entire output before sending it back as a single complete response. This works fine for shorter outputs, but when the response is long, the latency can become very high.

An alternative is streaming. With streaming, responses are delivered in parts as they are generated, allowing the user interface to display content progressively or enabling systems to begin processing data immediately. This creates a faster, more interactive experience.

However, streaming introduces architectural complexity. It requires careful handling of partial outputs, error states, and synchronization across the system. In cases where responses can be kept short, using a smaller and faster model is often preferred because it simplifies development and reduces the overhead of managing a streaming pipeline.

Caching strategy

Caching helps reduce both response time and cost by storing and reusing AI-generated outputs instead of calling the API repeatedly.

There are two common approaches:

• Exact caching stores responses to identical queries. It works by matching incoming queries character by character and is highly efficient when the same prompt is likely to be repeated.
• Semantic caching uses embeddings to capture the meaning of queries. Instead of matching exact characters, it compares contextual similarity between queries to decide whether a cached response can be reused. This approach is useful when different users ask the same question in slightly different ways.

In practice, exact caching is fast and cheap, while semantic caching is more flexible but requires additional compute to generate and compare embeddings.

Production considerations: Cost, reliability and scalability, evals, and security

The difference between a working prototype and a production-ready AI app lies in its ability to scale reliably, securely, and cost-effectively. Beyond building the core functionality, teams must account for:

• Cost optimization: AI calls can become expensive at scale. You can reduce costs by caching with a tool such as Upstash, Redis, or Momento. Additionally, try implementing model routing, where a cheaper model is used for easy queries, and a more powerful model for complex queries.
• Reliability and scalability: Production apps must handle variable workloads. Autoscaling infrastructure with providers like Modal, Baseten, AWS, or GCP ensures the system adapts to demand spikes without downtime. Fallback mechanisms, such as routing to alternate models if one API fails, add resilience and keep applications running smoothly.
• Evaluation: Regular evaluation is essential. Golden datasets, rubric-based scoring, and human-in-the-loop reviews help track performance over time. Observability platforms such as LangSmith, Humanloop, and Weights & Biases provide structured evaluation pipelines that detect regressions before they affect users.
• Security and compliance: Protecting sensitive information is non-negotiable. Production applications must enforce data governance through techniques like PII redaction, encryption in transit and at rest, and compliance with regulations such as GDPR or HIPAA. Tools like CalypsoAI, Patronus AI, and Alation add enterprise-grade compliance and monitoring layers.

Getting started and action items

Building an AI application when you are just getting started can feel overwhelming, but here are some steps that will make it manageable:

1. Prototype the UI and backend: Build a simple frontend (chatbot or workflow UI) and connect it to a model API (OpenAI, Anthropic).
2. Integrate orchestration: Use LangChain, LlamaIndex, or Semantic Kernel for prompt pipelines, retries, and multi-model workflows.
3. Add retrieval (RAG): Connect to a vector DB (Convex, Pinecone) to provide context and ground responses in your data.
4. Layer in observability: Add tracing (LangSmith, Helicone), logging, and basic evals to catch issues early.
5. Productionize with deployment: Deploy with scaling platforms like Modal, Baseten, or cloud hyperscalers. Add caching to control latency and cost.
6. Harden with security: Ensure compliance, add safety filters, and secure data pipelines before onboarding real users.
7. Iterate with feedback: Collect user feedback, run evaluations, and continuously optimize for performance, safety, and cost.

Conclusion

The AI stack is moving fast, but the principles stay the same: clean data, strong orchestration, observability, and security. Whether you’re hacking together a prototype or deploying at enterprise scale, the key is balancing creativity with engineering rigor. The winners won’t just be those with the best models or coolest apps, but those who know how to ship reliable, secure, and scalable AI applications.

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