A while back, I wrote an article about the basic setup for Go WebAssembly in a React app. We’ll be piggybacking off of the work we did there so make sure to give that a read first (or download the starter template)!
If you need to download the template, run the following:
git clone https://github.com/Chrischuck/React-Go-WASM.git
Also, make sure you have Chrome downloaded because we need it for development.
Last time we used Go to simply log stuff to the console. That’s cool and all, but this time we’ll put Go to use by making a bot that’s unbeatable at tic-tac-toe.
This tutorial will cover the following topics in order:
As you can see, we’ll be covering a lot of different topics ranging from AI theory, writing some Go, and a little bit of web dev. You don’t need to be an expert in any of these so let’s jump right into it.
Here’s a link to a full demo (desktop and Chrome only ☹️) and its repo.
And as another resource, a link to this article’s repo.
If you aren’t familiar with tic-tac-toe, it’s a game played by school children everywhere. It’s origins date back to ancient Egypt (as far back as 1300 BCE)! The game is relatively simple, so let’s take a look!
You have a 3×3 matrix (shown above) and one player is the O and the other is the X. Players take turns filling in empty positions with their symbol. The first person to get three of their symbols in a row wins! The classic game of tic-tac-toe involves a 3×3 board, but you can go up to any size as long as it’s square. For this tutorial, we’ll be sticking to 3×3 for simplicity and performance reasons (more on the performance reasons later).
The first thing we should go over is the actual algorithm that will power our tic-tac-toe bot. The definition of this algorithm from Wikipedia states the following:
Minimax is a decision rule used in artificial intelligence, decision theory, game theory, statistics and philosophy for minimizing the possible loss for a worst case (maximum loss) scenario.
What this means is that our algorithm isn’t necessarily trying to win, it’s trying not to lose. Applying this idea to our tic-tac-toe game, our bot will choose the path that gives the opponent the lowest opportunity to win.
Take a look at the image below:
The levels with circles on them represent the opponent’s choice (0, 2, 4) while the levels with squares represent the bot’s choice (1 and 3). The branches represent the possible choices. For each possible move the bot has, it will traverse the tree until it reaches a terminal state i.e. no more moves can be played. Each path along the tree represents a sequence of moves. Looking at the first level, we have 6 pairs, (10, inf), (5), (-10), (7, 5), (-inf), and (-7, -5). Since it’s the opponent’s choice, we choose the smallest values of each pair, so 10, 5, -10, 5, -inf, and -7. We then apply the same algorithm to our values new values but instead of taking the minimum, we take the maximum.
This naive version of MiniMax works fine, but we can improve it with something called alpha-beta pruning.
With alpha-beta pruning, we can completely ignore some branches of the tree, vastly speeding up our search for the winningest solution.
Let’s begin to apply the Minimax algorithm to see alpha-beta pruning at work. Looking at the pairs (5,6) the minimum is 5. We know that we will now have to pick a maximum between 5 and whatever we get on the right branch. Comparing (7,4) now, our minimum is 4. 4 is less than 5 so 5 will be chosen for the maximum when we compare them. Because of this, we do not have to check the third branch, in this case, 5, because it is impossible for it to propagate up the tree past the maximum comparison with 5.
Picking up where we left off last time (or after downloading the starter template), your folder structure should look like this:
Edit your main.go file in your server/go folder to the following:
package main
import "syscall/js"
func findNextComputerMove(args []js.Value) {
grid := args[0]
turnCount := args[1].Int()
nextMove := GetNextMove(grid, turnCount)
js.Global().Set("nextMove", js.TypedArrayOf(nextMove))
}
func checkGameState(args []js.Value) {
grid := args[0]
lastMoveArg := args[1]
turnCount := args[2].Int()
player := args[3].String()
lastMove := []int8{
int8(lastMoveArg.Index(0).Int()),
int8(lastMoveArg.Index(1).Int()),
}
gameState := StateValue(grid, lastMove, player, turnCount)
js.Global().Set("gameState", js.ValueOf(gameState))
}
func registerCallbacks() {
js.Global().Set("findNextComputerMove", js.NewCallback(findNextComputerMove))
js.Global().Set("checkGameState", js.NewCallback(checkGameState))
}
func main() {
done := make(chan bool, 0)
registerCallbacks()
<-done
}
We really only added three things from last time, a function that finds the bot’s next move, a function that checks the state of the game (bot win, user win, tie, or game isn’t over), and the game state itself after calculations have been completed. Both of these functions are essentially wrappers exposing around the code we’ll be writing soon to the JavaScript client. Remember for later that the variable gameState and the functions findNextComputerMoveand checkGameState will be exposed as global variables in our React app.
Take note of both of these function’s parameters, args []js.Value. Instead of having multiple parameters, we have a single array that contains JavaScript values. So on the client side, we can pass as many arguments as we want, they will just be indexed in the args array.
Looking at the checkGameState function, you can see that we extract the arguments we need from the array using the indices.
Now create a file called tictactoe.go in your server/go folder. The first thing we should do is create is a function that checks the game state:
Learn more →package main
import "syscall/js"
func StateValue(grid js.Value, lastMove []int8, player string, turnCount int) int {
// return 0 for more moves to be played, 1 for Computer win, 2 for hooman win, and 3 for tie!
rowIndex := lastMove[0]
columnIndex := lastMove[1]
gridSize := grid.Length()
// check columns and rows
rowEqual := true
columnEqual := true
for i := 0; i < gridSize; i++ {
if grid.Index(int(rowIndex)).Index(i).String() != player {
rowEqual = false
}
if grid.Index(i).Index(int(columnIndex)).String() != player {
columnEqual = false
}
if !rowEqual && !columnEqual {
break
}
}
if rowEqual || columnEqual {
if player == "COMPUTER" {
return 1
}
return 2
}
// check upper left to bottom right diagonal
if rowIndex == columnIndex {
firstDiagonalEqual := true
for i := 0; i < gridSize; i++ {
if grid.Index(i).Index(i).String() != player {
firstDiagonalEqual = false
}
}
if firstDiagonalEqual {
if player == "COMPUTER" {
return 1
}
return 2
}
}
// check top right to bottom left diagonal
if int(rowIndex) == gridSize-1-int(columnIndex) {
secondDiagonalEqual := true
for i := 0; i < gridSize; i++ {
if grid.Index(i).Index(gridSize-1-i).String() != player {
secondDiagonalEqual = false
}
}
if secondDiagonalEqual {
if player == "COMPUTER" {
return 1
}
return 2
}
}
if gridSize*gridSize == turnCount {
return 3
}
return 0
}
What this function does is checks if the game is a tie, bot win, human win, or if moves are still available. It takes a js.Grid representing the game state as its first parameter, the last played move, the player of the last played move, and the number of turns so far. This function returns four different states:
First, the function checks if the row or column affected by this move creates three in a row. If there is a winning state, the function returns 1 or 2 depending on who won. If nobody won through columns or rows, then the diagonals are checked if the last move is on a diagonal. Again, if there’s a win state, 1 or 2 is returned depending on who won. If not, the function checks if there is a tie by checking if the number of turns equals the square of the grid size. If there is a tie, 3 is returned and if not, 0 is returned.
Now that we have the ability to check the state of a game, we can build our MiniMax algorithm. Add the following changes to your tictactoe.go file:
package main
import (
"math"
"syscall/js"
)
type SuccessorState struct {
Grid js.Value
LastMove []int8
Rating int
}
/*
* StateValue function...
*/
func GetNextMove(grid js.Value, turnCount int) []int8 {
successorStates := getSuccessorStates(grid, "COMPUTER")
var maxState SuccessorState
// kicking off the minimax algo, we can assume the move is from the computer
for index, state := range successorStates {
state.Rating = miniMax(state.Grid, state.LastMove, "COMPUTER", turnCount, math.MinInt32, math.MaxInt32)
if index == 0 || state.Rating > maxState.Rating {
maxState = state
}
}
return maxState.LastMove
}
This GetNextMove function simply iterates over all of the next possible states and runs the Minimax algorithm on each successor state. After doing this, it returns the state with the maximum value.
Now let’s add some utility functions. Add the following to your file:
func intMax(x int, y int) int {
if x > y {
return x
}
return y
}
func intMin(x int, y int) int {
if x < y {
return x
}
return y
}
func getSuccessorStates(grid js.Value, player string) []SuccessorState {
var states []SuccessorState
// slice version of our grid so we can copy it
baseGrid := duplicateGrid(grid)
for i := 0; i < grid.Length(); i++ {
for j := 0; j < grid.Length(); j++ {
if grid.Index(i).Index(j).String() == "" {
// copy the base grid
newGrid := make([]interface{}, len(baseGrid))
copy(newGrid, baseGrid)
jsGrid := js.ValueOf(newGrid)
// apply the next move
jsGrid.Index(i).SetIndex(j, player)
newState := SuccessorState{
Grid: jsGrid,
LastMove: []int8{int8(i), int8(j)},
}
states = append(states, newState)
}
}
}
return states
}
func duplicateGrid(grid js.Value) []interface{} {
// I wish there was an easier way... but as of now I don't
// think you can create a duplicate of a js array :(
// so we just pass the values into a slice
// pls lmk if you have an optimal solution
gridSize := grid.Length()
newGrid := make([]interface{}, gridSize)
for i := 0; i < gridSize; i++ {
newGridRow := make([]interface{}, gridSize)
for j := 0; j < gridSize; j++ {
newGridRow[j] = grid.Index(i).Index(j).String()
}
newGrid[i] = newGridRow
}
return newGrid
}
The first two functions intMin and intMax just return the minimum and maximum of two numbers. getSuccessorStates takes a current game state, and finds all possible moves for a player, applies each move, and then returns the array of states with each possible move applied. The last utility function is the duplicateGrid function. This function takes the grid of type js.Valueand transforms it into a slice. As of now, I don’t think there’s an easier way to do this operation which is an obvious pain point. But more on this later.
Now that we have the perquisites, we can create the core of the MiniMax function. Add the following function to your tictactoe.go file:
func miniMax(grid js.Value, lastMove []int8, player string, turnCount int, alpha int, beta int) int {
gameState := StateValue(grid, lastMove, player, turnCount)
if gameState == 1 {
return 1
} else if gameState == 2 {
return -1
} else if gameState == 3 {
return 0
}
if player == "COMPUTER" {
return miniMaxMin(grid, "HUMAN", turnCount, alpha, beta)
} else {
return miniMaxMax(grid, "COMPUTER", turnCount, alpha, beta)
}
}
This function is very simple. First, it gets the value of the current state and returns 1 which represents a computer win, -1 to represent a human win, and 0 to represent a tie. Next, we apply the mini/max part of the algorithm. If it’s the computer’s turn we choose the turn that returns the maximum value for the computer. If it’s the human’s turn, we choose the least winning turn for the human.
Let’s build the miniMaxMin function. Add this function to your tictactoe.gofile:
func miniMaxMin(grid js.Value, player string, turnCount int, alpha int, beta int) int {
successorStates := getSuccessorStates(grid, player)
minStateRating := int(math.MaxInt32 + 1)
for _, state := range successorStates {
minStateRating = intMin(minStateRating, miniMax(state.Grid, state.LastMove, player, turnCount+1, alpha, beta))
if minStateRating <= alpha {
return minStateRating
}
beta = intMin(beta, minStateRating)
}
return minStateRating
}
This function takes a given state and for each of the children states it finds the state that brings the lowest net value. However, we apply alpha-beta pruning so we do not have to traverse every single node on the tree.
Now let’s look at the miniMaxMax function. Add this function to your tictactoe.go file:
func miniMaxMax(grid js.Value, player string, turnCount int, alpha int, beta int) int {
successorStates := getSuccessorStates(grid, player)
maxStateRating := int(math.MinInt32 - 1)
for _, state := range successorStates {
maxStateRating = intMax(maxStateRating, miniMax(state.Grid, state.LastMove, player, turnCount+1, alpha, beta))
if maxStateRating >= beta {
return maxStateRating
}
alpha = intMax(alpha, maxStateRating)
}
return maxStateRating
}
This function takes a given state and for each of the children states it finds the state that brings the highest net value. However, again we apply alpha-beta pruning so we do not have to traverse every single node on the tree.
That’s it for the MiniMax algorithm in Go!
Time to build the Go WASM file. cd into the server/go directory and run the following in your terminal:
GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go build -o main.wasm
This should create a main.wasm file in your server/go directory.
From here, cd back into the root /server directory and run npm run dev to start an express server to serve up your WASM file.
Now we need to get our logic into the front end.
Open a new terminal and cd into the /client directory.
Run the following:
npm install --save react react-dom && npm install --save-dev @babel/core @babel/plugin-proposal-class-properties @babel/plugin-proposal-decorators @babel/plugin-syntax-dynamic-import @babel/polyfill @babel/preset-env @babel/preset-react add-asset-html-webpack-plugin babel-loader html-webpack-plugin webpack webpack-cli webpack-dev-server webpack-dotenv-plugin
By doing this, we update our dependencies and make sure we have everything we need to build our React application.
Next, update our file structure to the following:
First, update your webpack.config.js like this:
const HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
const AddAssetHtmlPlugin = require('add-asset-html-webpack-plugin');
const DotenvPlugin = require('webpack-dotenv-plugin');
module.exports = {
resolve: {
modules: ['src', 'node_modules']
},
devtool: 'source-map',
entry: {
vendor: ['@babel/polyfill', 'react', 'react-dom'],
client: './src/index.js',
},
output: {
path: __dirname + '/dist',
filename: '[name].chunkhash.bundle.js',
chunkFilename: '[name].chunkhash.bundle.js',
publicPath: '/',
},
module: {
rules: [
{
test: /.js$/,
exclude: /node_modules/,
use: {
loader: "babel-loader"
}
},
]
},
devServer: {
historyApiFallback: true,
disableHostCheck: true
},
plugins: [
new DotenvPlugin({
sample: './.env.example',
path: './.env'
}),
new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
title: 'GoWasm!',
template: './src/index.html',
filename: './index.html',
inject: true,
minify: {
collapseWhitespace: true,
collapseInlineTagWhitespace: true,
minifyCSS: true,
minifyURLs: true,
minifyJS: true,
removeComments: true,
removeRedundantAttributes: true
}
}),
// Make sure to add these in this order, so the wasm_exec.js gets injected first
// yes, it's backwards, I know :/
new AddAssetHtmlPlugin({ filepath: require.resolve('./src/init_go.js') }),
new AddAssetHtmlPlugin({ filepath: require.resolve('./src/wasm_exec.js') })
]
};
All that has changed is we added the Dotenv plugin.
No, in your .env.example and .env file add the following:
DEV_SERVER_URI=http://localhost:3000
Now let’s update the App.js, paste the following:
import React from 'react'
import Grid from './grid'
export default class App extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
isLoading: true
}
}
componentDidMount() {
const { DEV_SERVER_URI } = process.env
WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(fetch(DEV_SERVER_URI), go.importObject).then(async (result) => {
go.run(result.instance)
this.setState({ isLoading: false })
});
}
render() {
return (
<div style={{ height: '100%', display: 'flex', justifyContent: 'center', alignItems: 'center'}}>
{
this.state.isLoading ?
<div>
{ /* https://codepen.io/aurer/pen/jEGbA for this cool loader and more! */ }
<svg version="1.1" id="Layer_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" x="0px" y="0px" width="24px" height="30px" viewBox="0 0 24 30" style={{enableBackground: 'new 0 0 50 50'}}>
<rect x="0" y="0" width="4" height="20" fill="#333">
<animate attributeName="opacity" attributeType="XML"
values="1; .2; 1"
begin="0s" dur="0.6s" repeatCount="indefinite" />
</rect>
<rect x="7" y="0" width="4" height="20" fill="#333">
<animate attributeName="opacity" attributeType="XML"
values="1; .2; 1"
begin="0.2s" dur="0.6s" repeatCount="indefinite" />
</rect>
<rect x="14" y="0" width="4" height="20" fill="#333">
<animate attributeName="opacity" attributeType="XML"
values="1; .2; 1"
begin="0.4s" dur="0.6s" repeatCount="indefinite" />
</rect>
</svg>
</div> :
<Grid />
}
</div>
)
}
}
This component isn’t really doing much, it’s simply initializing web assembly and displaying our grid component after the loading is done.
Now let’s create each cell of the grid. This component isn’t that complicated either and only contains a little bit of logic. Add this to your cell.js file.
import React from 'react'
export default class Cell extends React.Component {
renderIcon() {
const { fill } = this.props
if (!fill) {
return null
}
if (fill === 'HUMAN') {
return (
// Thanks w3schools! https://www.w3schools.com/graphics/svg_line.asp
<svg height="50" width="50">
<line x1="0" y1="0" x2="50" y2="50" style={{stroke:'black', strokeWidth:3}} />
<line x1="0" y1="50" x2="50" y2="0" style={{stroke:'black', strokeWidth:3}} />
</svg>
)
}
if (fill === 'COMPUTER') {
return (
// Thanks again w3schools! https://www.w3schools.com/graphics/svg_circle.asp
<svg height="100" width="100">
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" style={{stroke:'black', strokeWidth:3, fill: 'white' }} />
</svg>
)
}
}
clickCell = () => {
const { cell, fillCell, fill, turn, isGameOver } = this.props
if (fill || turn !== 'HUMAN' || isGameOver) {
return
}
fillCell(cell, 'HUMAN')
}
render() {
const { cell, gridSize, fill, isGameOver, } = this.props
const [row, column] = cell
return (
<div
onClick={this.clickCell}
style={{
width: '100px',
height: '100px',
display: 'flex',
justifyContent: 'center',
alignItems: 'center',
borderRight: column < gridSize - 1 ? '1px solid red' : 'none',
cursor: !fill && !isGameOver ? 'pointer' : 'default'
}}
>
{
this.renderIcon()
}
</div>
)
}
}
This component is fairly simple. It takes a few props fed from the grid component. The most important prop is the fill prop which says if the cell is filled by a human or computer. Based on this prop, it will return either nothing if it’s a free move, a circle if it’s a human, or an X if it’s a computer.
Now, this brings us to the final part of our frontend app: the grid component.
Go ahead and add this to your grid.js file and then let’s break it down:
import React from 'react'
import Cell from './cell'
const DEFAULT_GRID_SIZE = 3
const DEFAULT_TURN = 'HUMAN'
const initGrid = (size) => {
const grid = []
const gridSize = size || DEFAULT_GRID_SIZE
for (let i = 0; i < gridSize; i++) {
const row = []
for (let j = 0; j < gridSize; j++) {
row.push('')
}
grid.push(row)
}
return grid
}
export default class Grid extends React.Component {
constructor(props) {
super(props)
this.state = {
isGameOver: false,
startTurn: DEFAULT_TURN,
turn: DEFAULT_TURN,
gridSize: DEFAULT_GRID_SIZE,
lastMove: null,
turnCount: 1,
message: '',
grid: initGrid()
}
}
componentDidMount() {
const { turn } = this.state
if (turn === 'COMPUTER') {
this.calculateComputerMove()
}
}
componentDidUpdate(prevProps, prevState, snapshot) {
const { turn, isGameOver } = this.state
if (!isGameOver && turn === 'COMPUTER') {
this.calculateComputerMove()
}
}
calculateComputerMove = async () => {
const { grid, turnCount } = this.state
await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
findNextComputerMove(grid, turnCount)
// let the other threads finish
setTimeout(resolve, 0)
})
this.fillCell(nextMove, 'COMPUTER')
}
fillCell = async (cell, player) => {
const { grid, turnCount } = this.state
const [row, column] = cell
const gridCopy = [ ...grid ] // we do this so we don't mutate state itself!
gridCopy[row][column] = player
const turn = player === 'HUMAN' ? 'COMPUTER' : 'HUMAN'
await new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
checkGameState(grid, cell, turnCount, player)
// let the other threads finish
setTimeout(resolve, 0)
})
switch (gameState) {
case 1:
this.endGame('Computer has won. Press reset to play again!', gridCopy)
return
case 2:
this.endGame('Congrats Hackerman. Press reset to play again!', gridCopy)
return
case 3:
this.endGame('Nobody won. Press reset to play again!', gridCopy)
return
}
this.setState({
turn,
grid: gridCopy,
turnCount: turnCount + 1,
lastMove: cell
})
}
endGame = (message, grid) => {
this.setState({
grid,
message,
isGameOver: true
})
}
resetGame = (turn) => {
this.setState((prevState, _) => ({
message: 'Restarting Game..',
isGameOver: false,
startTurn: turn || prevState.startTurn,
turn: turn || prevState.startTurn || DEFAULT_TURN,
gridSize: DEFAULT_GRID_SIZE,
lastMove: null,
turnCount: 1,
grid: initGrid()
}), () => this.setState({ message: ''}))
}
render() {
const { grid, gridSize, turn, isGameOver, message } = this.state
return (
<div style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'column', justifyContent: 'center'}}>
<h1 style={{textAlign: 'center', marginBottom: '5px'}}>Tic Tac Toe</h1>
<h2 style={{textAlign: 'center', marginTop: '5px'}}>{message ? message : (!isGameOver && turn === 'COMPUTER') ? 'Computer is thinking 🤔' : ' '}</h2>
<div style={{ display: 'flex', marginBottom: '10px' }}>
<select onChange={(e) => this.resetGame(e.target.value)} style={{ flex: 1, marginRight: '3px'}}>
<option value='HUMAN'>Human</option>
<option value='COMPUTER'>Computer</option>
</select>
<button style={{ flex: 1}} onClick={(e) => this.resetGame()}>Reset</button>
</div>
<div style={{marginLeft: 'auto', marginRight: 'auto'}}>
{
grid.map((row, rowIndex) => (
<div key={`row-${rowIndex}`} style={{ display: 'flex', flexDirection: 'row', maxWidth: `${gridSize*100 + gridSize - 1}px`,borderBottom: rowIndex < gridSize - 1 ? '1px solid red' : 'none'}}>
{
row.map((fill, columnIndex) => (
<Cell
key={`col-${columnIndex}`}
isGameOver={isGameOver}
turn={turn}
fill={fill} // This determines if this cell is empty or not!
cell={[rowIndex, columnIndex]}
gridSize={gridSize}
fillCell={this.fillCell}
/>
))
}
</div>
))
}
</div>
</div>
)
}
}
This component does two things. First, it keeps track of the game state and renders cells to reflect the game state. It then uses the helper functions we exposed through web assembly to calculate the computer’s move and update the game state.
The heart of the computer calculations lies in the fillCell function. This function simply takes the state representation of the grid, applies the player or computer’s move, and checks if the game has been won using the checkGameState function which is exposed by the web assembly module. After the game state has been calculated, we then check if the game is over after this move has been applied by checking the value of the gameStatevariable which is set globally via WebAssembly. Lastly, we switch the players’ turn.
Next, using componentDidUpdate, whenever state is updated we check if it’s the computer’s turn. If it is the computer’s turn, we simply use the findNextComputerMove function we created earlier in Go.
Once the gameState has reached a terminal state, we end the game.
cd into the /server folder and run npm install && npm run devcd into the /client folder and run npm run devlocalhost:8080 in your Chrome browser
When using WebAssembly, we need to make a request to get the WASM file and then initialize it once it has reached the browser. With moderately large WASM files, this can cause a long initial loading time. On top of this, Go’s variant of WebAssembly ships with a Go runtime and garbage collector which bloats its WASM files.
This is good and bad. The good part is that it allows you to do processes in the background of your application. However, this means you have to get a little crafty when you are waiting for data. We had to store variables globally so the Go code could share information with the React code.
After the overhead, I was expecting the computations to be lightning fast. Although I have not tested it, I believe writing the MiniMax algorithm in JavaScript would be almost as fast as Go. On top of this, after a board size of 4×4, the computations become too great and your browser will most likely crash.
I believe part of why the Go code was slower than I anticipated was because of the transformations from JavaScript data structures to Go ones and vice versa. For example, the duplicateGrid function was made in order to clone a JS array in go. This was done because I could not deeply transform a 2d array into a usable Go data structure. Unfortunately, the duplicateGrid function was built naively with a double for loop and it definitely destroyed performance. With regular Go arrays, you can clone an array with the makefunction and it would be nice to see this in Go.
WebAssembly for Go allows us to bring low-level code to the browser, in theory, allowing us to write more computationally intensive programs. While I love the idea of using Go for WebAssembly, I believe it has a little ways to go before it’s refined and viable for production usage. However, since this is Go’s first step into WebAssembly, it has a lot of room to grow and improve.
I hope you enjoyed this tutorial and I hope you learned something new!
Install LogRocket via npm or script tag. LogRocket.init() must be called client-side, not
server-side
$ npm i --save logrocket
// Code:
import LogRocket from 'logrocket';
LogRocket.init('app/id');
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Learn how to manage memory leaks in Rust, avoid unsafe behavior, and use tools like weak references to ensure efficient programs.
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Handle frontend data discrepancies with eventual consistency using WebSockets, Docker Compose, and practical code examples.
Efficient initializing is crucial to smooth-running websites. One way to optimize that process is through lazy initialization in Rust 1.80.
