Editor’s note: This type safety article was last updated on 29 August 2023.
Maintaining consistent types throughout a project can be challenging. Without proper tooling, altering types in one section might disrupt the entire app. To enhance the developer experience and minimize errors, it’s crucial to use consistent typings across the stack.
In this tutorial, we’ll explore end-to-end type safety by building a simple wishlist application that allows users to bookmark items from the internet. We’ll build our type-safe, full-stack application using Next.js, GraphQL, and Prisma.
Jump ahead:
To follow along with this tutorial, you’ll need the following:
We’ll use the following stack and tools:
You can view the final code on for this tutorial on GitHub.
In modern web development, the tools you choose shape the experience for both developers and users. We’ve intentionally selected Next.js, Prisma, and GraphQL for specific reasons.
Next.js is a versatile React framework designed to simplify development while also enhancing applications with powerful features. One of its strengths is enabling server-side rendering (SSR) and static site generation (SSG), ensuring that webpages load rapidly and achieve high SEO scores. Next.js also provides the freedom to create API routes directly within the app, removing the need to manage a separate backend server. Notably, Next.js is also pre-configured for TypeScript, facilitating the creation of type-safe code without any added stress.
Prisma serves as an advanced ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) tool, enhancing and streamlining database management. It stands out with its type-safe query builder, ensuring that interactions with the database remain safe and predictable. For those who find altering their database difficult, Prisma offers Prisma Migrate, which maintains all schema changes in a tidy and manageable fashion. Additionally, Prisma offers Prisma Studio, a tool that makes routine database tasks more user-friendly and enjoyable.
GraphQL is a contemporary query language and runtime that has transformed how we approach APIs. Unlike traditional systems, GraphQL allows users to specify exactly the data they need, ensuring that data is neither over-fetched nor under-fetched. GraphQL relies on strongly-typed schemas, providing a clear structure for the data that can be queried and manipulated. A defining feature is its consolidation of operations under a single endpoint, eliminating the need to manage multiple endpoints as was previously common.
To get started with our Next.js app, navigate to your working directory and initialize Next.js by running the following command:
npx create-next-app@latest
This command will prompt you to select how you want your project to be configured. Ensure your selections match the image below:
Now, open the new app on the editor of your choice. If you’re using VS Code, you can open the app from the terminal using the code .
shorthand:
cd myapp code . #for vs-code users
To install development dependencies, run the following command:
npm install -D prisma @genql/cli ts-node-dev nodemon
This command will install prisma
, the @genql/cli
CLI tools, and nodemon
as developement dependencies. To install further project dependencies, run the following command:
npm install graphql nexus graphql-scalars @prisma/client graphql-yoga graphql-ws swr
Now, create a file called nexus.tsconfig.json
at the root of your project:
touch nexus.tsconfig.json
To allow the schema to regenerate, add the following code to nexus.tsconfig.json
:
{ "compilerOptions": { "sourceMap": true, "outDir": "dist", "strict": true, "lib": ["esnext"], "esModuleInterop": true } }
In your package.json
file, add the following two scripts, generate:nexus
and generate:genql
:
"scripts": { //next scripts "generate:nexus": "nodemon --exec 'ts-node --transpile-only -P nexus.tsconfig.json src/pages/api/graphql' --ext 'ts' --watch '*/graphql/**/*.ts'", "generate:genql": "nodemon --exec 'genql --schema ./graphql/schema.graphql --output ./graphql/generated/genql' --watch 'graphql/schema.graphql'" }
When building the GraphQL API, generate:nexus
generates types on file changes in the graphql
folder. When the GraphQL schema is updated, generate:genql
will regenerate the Genql client. By default, the types generated by generate:genql
will be stored in graphql/generated/genql
. However, you can update the output path as you see fit.
Now that we have our Next.js app up and running, let’s set up Prisma to connect the app to a database. To set up Prisma in your project, run the following command:
npx prisma init
This command creates a new .env
file and a prisma
folder at the root of your project. The prisma
folder contains a schema.prisma
file for modeling our data.
To use PostgreSQL, the default database provider, update .env
with a valid connection string pointing to your database. To change providers, simply change the provider in the datasource db
block in schema.prisma
. At the time of writing, Prisma supports PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, and MongoDB as a preview.
When modeling data, Prisma uses the Prisma schema language, which nearly resembles the GraphQL syntax and makes the database schema easy to read and update. For auto-completion and syntax highlighting, you can install the Prisma VS Code extension.
We’ll use SQLite for the database provider, but feel free to use the provider of choice. Update the provider and URL as follows:
datasource db { provider = "sqlite" url = "file:./dev.db" } generator client { provider = "prisma-client-js" }
Let’s create a new model Item
to map to a table in the database. Add the following fields:
/// schema.prisma model Item { id String @id @default(cuid()) title String description String? url String? imageUrl String? createdAt DateTime @default(now()) updatedAt DateTime @default(now()) @updatedAt }
Our table has fields for id
, title
, description
, webpage url
, imageUrl
, and time stamps for createdAt
and updatedAt
.
id
serves as the primary key for our table, represented by @id
. The ?
operator denotes that the field is optional, and the default value is null
. Prisma automatically creates and updates the createdAt
and updatedAt
values.
Next, we’ll create a database migration in SQL, which you can find inside /prisma/migrations
. After applying the migration against your database, it generates the Prisma Client, which will access the database:
npx prisma migrate dev --name project_init
Now, let’s open up Prisma Studio and add some data to test in our application:
npx prisma studio
Select Item Model and the Add record button to add some data to the wishlist database. I chose two items from Amazon. To apply the changes, click Save 2 changes:
We’ll contain our GraphQL API code in a graphql
folder at the root of the project, creating a separation of concerns. Create the graphql
folder by running the code below:
mkdir graphql
In the graphql
folder, create two files called schema.ts
and context.ts
:
touch graphql/schema.ts graphql/context.ts
Then, in your schema.ts
file, add the following code:
// /graphql/schema.ts import { makeSchema, queryType, mutationType } from "nexus"; import * as path from 'path' const Query = queryType({ definition(t) { // your queries will go here } }) const Mutation = mutationType({ definition(t) { // your mutations will go here } }) export const schema = makeSchema({ types: [Query, Mutation], outputs: { schema: path.join(process.cwd(), 'graphql/schema.graphql'), typegen: path.join(process.cwd(), 'graphql/generated/nexus.d.ts'), }, contextType: { module: path.join(process.cwd(), 'graphql/context.ts'), export: 'Context' }, sourceTypes: { modules: [ { module: '@prisma/client', alias: 'db' } ] } })
The code snippet above contains the default configuration that we’ll use in the rest of our application. It imports the makeSchema
method, which defines the following:
graphql/schema.graphql
)graphql/generated/nexus.d.ts
)@prisma/client
module that Nexus should use to access the databaseThe configuration will also empty queryType
and mutationType
, where we’ll add our queries and mutations.
In the graphql/context.ts
file, add the following code:
// /graphql/context.ts import { PrismaClient } from '@prisma/client' const db = new PrismaClient() export type Context = { db: PrismaClient } export const context: Context = { db }
The code snippet above imports @prisma/client
, creates a new instance of Prisma Client, and creates the context type, which can be replaced with an interface. It also creates a context object that will add db
to the GraphQL context, making it available in the GraphQL resolvers.
Inside the /pages/api/
folder, create a file called graphql.ts
, which we’ll use to define API routes with Next.js:
// /pages/api/graphql.ts import { schema } from '../../../graphql/schema' import { createServer } from 'node:http' import { createYoga } from 'graphql-yoga' const yoga = createYoga({ schema, context }) const server = createServer(yoga) server.listen(4000, () => { console.info('Server is running on http://localhost:4000/graphql') }) export default server;
With the code above, we import our GraphQL schema and use createYoga
from graphql-yoga
to integrate it. We then set up a server using Node’s createServer
method, passing in our yoga configuration. This server starts up and listens on http://localhost:4000/graphql
, as indicated by the log in the callback function. Whenever a user visits this address in a browser, they should be presented with the GraphQL Playground or interface.
Now that we’ve set up the foundation for our GraphQL API with the schema and context configuration, let’s move on to generating the necessary GraphQL types and schema files. This step is crucial for ensuring seamless communication between our frontend and backend components.
Now, start the Next.js application server in a terminal window by running this command:
npm run dev
In a second terminal window, run this command to generate your Nexus types and GraphQL schema:
npm run generate:nexus
Finally, in a third terminal window, run the command below to generate the GraphQL types for the frontend:
npm run generate:genql
Inside of graphql
, a new directory called generated
is created, which contains the following files:
nexus.d.ts
: Contains types automatically generated by Nexusgenql
: Generates types located in graphql/generated/genql
The contents of this folder will be updated as as you build your GraphQL API.
To avoid running the previous three commands simulatenously, you can automate the process using the concurrently
command. First, install concurrently
as a development dependency:
npm install --save-dev concurrently
Then, add a new script in your package.json
file that will run both npm run generate:nexus
and npm run generate:genql
:
"scripts": { //other scripts "generate": "concurrently \"npm run generate:nexus\" \"npm run generate:genql\"", }
Now, you can cancel the npm run generate:nexus
and npm run generate:genql
scripts and run the new script as follows:
npm run generate
Now that we have generated the necessary GraphQL types and schema files, let’s define custom GraphQL object types and an enumeration type to enhance the functionality and structure of our GraphQL.
To do that, let’s define a custom DateTime
GraphQL scalar from the graph-scalars
library. Nexus provides the asNexusMethod
property, making the scalar available in the rest of your GraphQL API:
// /graphql/schema.ts import { asNexusMethod, /** other imports */ } from "nexus"; import { DateTimeResolver, } from 'graphql-scalars' const DateTime = asNexusMethod(DateTimeResolver, 'DateTime')
To add the DateTime
scalar to the GraphQL schema of your API, use the following code:
// /graphql/schema.ts export const schema = makeSchema({ types: [/** existing types */, DateTime], )}
Then, create a new Item
variable that will define the fields and properties of the GraphQL object type:
// /graphql/schema.ts import { objectType, /** other imports */ } from "nexus"; const Item = objectType({ name: 'Item', definition(t) { t.nonNull.id('id') t.nonNull.string('title') t.string('description') t.string('url') t.string('imageUrl') t.field('createdAt', { type: 'DateTime' }) t.field('updatedAt', { type: 'DateTime' }) } })
objectType
enables you to define GraphQL object types, which are also a root
type. The objectType
fields map to the properties and fields in your database. The Item
object type includes id
and title
fields, both of which are non-nullable. If nonNull
is not specified, fields are nullable by default. Feel free to modify the other fields as needed.
Update the types
with the newly created GraphQL object type:
// /graphql/schema.ts export const schema = makeSchema({ types: [/** existing types */, Item], )}
Every time you update the contents of types
, the generated types and the GraphQL schema will be updated.
In this section, we will define a custom enumeration type called SortOrder
and add queries to our GraphQL API for reading data. The SortOrder
enum value will be used to order values in either an ascending or descending order:
// /graphql/schema.ts import { enumType, /** other imports */ } from "nexus"; const SortOrder = enumType({ name: "SortOrder", members: ["asc", "desc"] }) export const schema = makeSchema({ types: [/** existing types */, SortOrder], })
Queries allow us to read data from an API. Update your Query
file to contain the following code:
// /graphql/schema.ts const Query = queryType({ definition(t) { t.list.field('getItems', { type: 'Item', args: { sortBy: arg({ type: 'SortOrder' }), }, resolve: async (_, args, ctx) => { return ctx.db.item.findMany({ orderBy: { createdAt: args.sortBy || undefined } }) } }) t.field('getOneItem', { type: 'Item', args: { id: nonNull(stringArg()) }, resolve: async (_, args, ctx) => { try { return ctx.db.item.findUnique({ where: { id: args.id } }) } catch (error) { throw new Error(`${error}`) } } }) } })
In the code above, we define two queries:
getItems
: Returns an Item
array and allows you to sort the values in either an ascending or descending order based on the createdAt
valuegetOneItem
: Returns an Item
array based on the ID, a unique value that can’t be nullWhen writing the database query ctx.db._query here_
, VS Code provides auto-complete.
GraphQL mutations are used for manipulating data. Let’s review the three mutations for creating, updating, and deleting data and add them into our application.
First, let’s add a createItem
mutation in the Mutation
definition block:
t.field('createItem', { type: 'Item', args: { title: nonNull(stringArg()), description: stringArg(), url: stringArg(), imageUrl: stringArg(), }, resolve: (_, args, ctx) => { try { return ctx.db.item.create({ data: { title: args.title, description: args.description || undefined, url: args.url || undefined, imageUrl: args.imageUrl || undefined, } }) } catch (error) { throw Error(`${error}`) } } })
The mutation will accept the following arguments:
title
: Compulsorydescription
: Optionalurl
: OptionalimageUrl
: OptionalIf optional values are not provided, Prisma will set the values to null
. The mutation also returns an Item
if the GraphQL operation is successful.
Next, we’ll establish an updateItem
mutation. While it accepts arguments similar to the createItem
mutation, it mandates an id
argument and offers an optional title
one. If optional values aren’t given, the Prisma Client wont update the existing database values, using || undefined
instead:
t.field('updateItem', { type: 'Item', args: { id: nonNull(idArg()), title: stringArg(), description: stringArg(), url: stringArg(), imageUrl: stringArg(), }, resolve: (_, args, ctx) => { try { return ctx.db.item.update({ where: { id: args.id }, data: { title: args.title || undefined, description: args.description || undefined, url: args.url || undefined, imageUrl: args.imageUrl || undefined, } }) } catch (error) { throw Error(`${error}`) } } })
Finally, we’ll create a deleteItem
mutation, which expects an id
argument for the operation to be executed:
t.field('deleteItem', { type: 'Item', args: { id: nonNull(idArg()) }, resolve: (_, args, ctx) => { try { return ctx.db.item.delete({ where: { id: args.id } }) } catch (error) { throw Error(`${error}`) } } })
To test your queries and mutations, you can check out the API on the GraphQL Playground on http://localhost:3000/api/graphql
:
As an example, try running the following query on the Playground:
query GET_ITEMS { getItems { id title description imageUrl } }
Now that we’ve finished setting up our API, let’s try interacting with it from the frontend of our application. First, let’s add the following code, which reduces the number of times we’ll create a new genql
instance:
mkdir util touch util/genqlClient.ts
Instantiate your client as follows:
// /util/genqlClient.ts import { createClient } from "../graphql/generated/genql" export const client = createClient({ url: '/api/graphql' })
The client requires a url
property, which defines the path of your GraphQL API. Given that ours is a full-stack application, set it to /api/graphql
and customize it based on the environment.
Other properties include headers and a custom HTTP fetch function that handles requests to your API. For styling, you can add the contents from GitHub in global.css
.
To list all the items in our wishlist, add the following code snippet to index.tsx
:
// /pages/index.tsx import Link from 'next/link' import useSWR from 'swr' import { client } from '../util/genqlClient' export default function Home() { const fetcher = () => client.query({ getItems: { id: true, title: true, description: true, imageUrl: true, createdAt: true, } }) const { data, error } = useSWR('getItems', fetcher) return ( <div> <div className="right"> <Link href="/create"> <a className="btn"> Create Item →</a> </Link> </div> {error && <p>Oops, something went wrong!</p>} <ul> {data?.getItems && data.getItems.map((item) => ( <li key={item.id}> <Link href={`/item/${item.id}`}> <a> {item.imageUrl ? <img src={item.imageUrl} height="640" width="480" /> : <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/33921841/132140321-01c18680-e304-4069-a0f0-b81a9f6d5cc9.png" height="640" width="480" /> } <h2>{item.title}</h2> <p>{item.description ? item?.description : "No description available"}</p> <p>Created At: {new Date(item?.createdAt).toDateString()}</p> </a> </Link> </li> ))} </ul> </div> ) }
SWR
handles data fetching to the API. getItems
identifies the query and cached values. Lastly, the fetcher
function makes the request to the API.
Genql uses a query builder syntax to determine which fields should be retrieved from a type. data
is precisely typed according to the made request. To pass arguments, the query utilizes an array composed of two objects: the first contains the arguments, while the second specifies the field selection:
client.query({ getItems: [ { sortBy: "asc" }, { id: true, title: true, description: true, url: true, imageUrl: true, createdAt: true, } ] })
To query all the fields, you can use the …everything
object as follows:
import { everything } from './generated' client.query({ getItems: { ...everything } })
Alternately, you can use the chain
syntax to execute requests that specify which arguments and fields should be returned. The chain
syntax is available on mutations as well:
client.chain.query. getItems({ sortBy: 'desc' }).get({ id: true, title: true, description: true, url: true, imageUrl: true, createdAt: true, })
To display a single item in our wishlist, let’s create a new folder in pages
called item
. Add a file called [id].tsx
in the created directory.
The [_file_name_]
annotation indicates to Next.js that this route is dynamic:
mkdir pages/item touch pages/item/[id].tsx
Add the following code to your page:
// /pages/item/[id].tsx import { useRouter } from 'next/router' import useSWR from 'swr' import Link from 'next/link' import { client } from '../../util/genqlClient' export default function Item() { const router = useRouter() const { id } = router.query const fetcher = async (id: string) => client.query({ getOneItem: [ { id }, { id: true, title: true, description: true, imageUrl: true, url: true, createdAt: true, }] }) const { data, error } = useSWR([id], fetcher) return ( <div> <Link href="/"> <a className="btn">← Back</a> </Link> {error && <p>Oops, something went wrong!</p>} {data?.getOneItem && ( <> <h1>{data.getOneItem.title}</h1> <p className="description">{data.getOneItem.description}</p> {data.getOneItem.imageUrl ? <img src={data.getOneItem.imageUrl} height="640" width="480" /> : <img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/33921841/132140321-01c18680-e304-4069-a0f0-b81a9f6d5cc9.png" height="640" width="480" /> } {data.getOneItem.url && <p className="description"> <a href={data.getOneItem.url} target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" className="external-url"> Check out item ↗ </a> </p> } <div> <em>Created At: {new Date(data.getOneItem?.createdAt).toDateString()}</em> </div> </> ) } </div > ) }
When the page is initialized, the id
will be retrieved from the route and used as an argument in the getOneItem
GraphQL request.
To create a new item in our application, let’s create a new page that will serve as the /create
route by adding the following code:
touch pages/create.tsx
Add the code block below to the file we just created:
// /pages/create.tsx import React, { useState } from "react" import { useRouter } from "next/router" import Link from 'next/link' import { client } from '../util/genqlClient' export default function Create() { const router = useRouter() const [title, setTitle] = useState("") const [description, setDescription] = useState("") const [url, setUrl] = useState("") const [imageUrl, setImageUrl] = useState("") const [error, setError] = useState() const handleSubmit = async (event: React.SyntheticEvent) => { event.preventDefault() await client.mutation({ createItem: [{ title, description, url, imageUrl, }, { id: true, }] }).then(response => { console.log(response) router.push('/') }).catch(error => setError(error.message)) } return ( <> {error && <pre>{error}</pre>} <Link href="/"> <a className="btn">← Back</a> </Link> <form onSubmit={handleSubmit}> <h2>Create Item</h2> <div className="formItem"> <label htmlFor="title">Title</label> <input name="title" value={title} onChange={(e) => setTitle(e.target.value)} required /> </div> <div className="formItem"> <label htmlFor="description">Description</label> <input name="description" value={description} onChange={(e) => setDescription(e.target.value)} /> </div> <div className="formItem"> <label htmlFor="url">URL</label> <input name="url" value={url} onChange={(e) => setUrl(e.target.value)} /> </div> <div className="formItem"> <label htmlFor="imageUrl">Image URL</label> <input name="imageUrl" value={imageUrl} onChange={(e) => setImageUrl(e.target.value)} /> </div> <button type="submit" disabled={title === ""} >Create Item</button> </form> </> ) }
In the code snippet above, the form values’ state is stored inside of useState
values. The handleSubmit
function will be triggered when a user selects the Create button. Then, the form values will be retrieved when handleSubmit
is called:
In the event of an error, the form values will be saved in the error state and displayed to the user.
Finally, in the [id].tsx
page, let’s add an option to delete a wishlist item. When the request is successful, it will return an id
and navigate to the index route /
:
// /pages/item/[id].tsx export default function Item() { /** exiting code/ functionality */ const deleteItem = async (id: string) => { await client.mutation({ deleteItem: [{ id }, { id: true }], }).then(_res => router.push('/')) } return ( <div> {data?.getOneItem && ( <> {/* existing code */} <button className="delete" onClick={(evt) => deleteItem(data?.getOneItem.id)}>Delete</button> </> ) } ) }
If everything runs correctly, your final application will resemble the image below:
The UI will look like this when we are deleting an item:
Play around with the application to make sure everything is running as expected. You should be able to view your wishlist items, create a new item, and delete items.
Type safety is crucial for ensuring consistent and error-free code. Here’s some advice to optimize your development:
any
temptation: Relying on any
in TypeScript may seem convenient, but it’s best to remain specific with your typesFinally, watch out for these:
Congratulations! 🚀 You’ve built an end-to-end, type-safe, full-stack application using Next.js, Prisma, and GraphQL. Following the methodology in this tutorial can reduce errors caused by using inconsistent types. I hope you enjoyed this tutorial!
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3 Replies to "End-to-end type safety with Next.js, Prisma, and GraphQL"
Hi, I was following the example but ran into some problems, is it possible for you to make available the repo of the working project?
Hi, thanks for reading. The repo is available on GitHub, as noted in the introduction. Find it here: https://github.com/ruheni/e2e-type-safe-app
This is a good article to start with Gql, Prisma and Nexus, however unfortunately it runs in multiple errors when following the guide, and the repository shared shows another approach using apollo instead of yoga, please update the code reflecting the repository for newer readers.