Editor’s note: This post was updated on 13 November 2023 to include how duck typing is implemented through interfaces and why it is significant for type checking in TypeScript.

TypeScript has taken the JavaScript world by storm, allowing teams to work smarter by adding robust typing features. These typing features allow our code to be more descriptive and give us the ability to identify and fix errors earlier and easily.

In this article, we will go over one of the most important typing features in TypeScript: interfaces. Interfaces allow us to describe the objects that will be used in our code, ultimately helping us catch errors and write more efficient code.

Introduction to interfaces

JavaScript gives developers a great deal of flexibility. A variable initialized as an integer can be assigned a function literal at runtime. Types of variables are not predictable in JavaScript. As you can see in the example below, a is initialized as an integer and is then assigned a function literal:

var a = 2
a = function () {
  console.log("I was initialized with a value of an integer, but now I'm a function")
}

Let’s consider the implementation plan for building a Tesla Model S car.

Ten Tesla engineers built their prototype model. There were no specifications laid down before implementation, so the engineers all came up with their own set of specifications and implementation models. One of these prototypes had the means to show a user the car charging details, while another had a tire monitoring system in place.

If a set of specifications were defined beforehand, it would have been convenient and easy for these engineers to implement prototypes based on the specifications. We deal with the same problem while building complex entities in JavaScript:

function buildTeslaModelS (teslaObj) {
    // Implementation Details
}

buildTeslaModelS({
    length: 196,
    width: 86,
    measureTirePressure: function () {
    },
    wheelbase: 116
})

buildTeslaModelS({
    length: "196",
    width: "86",
    wheelbase: "116",
    measureRemCharging: function () {
    }
})

The buildTeslaModelS function returns a Tesla Model S car using the parameters as defined in teslaObj. It makes some assumptions for input parameters and returns a model based on those assumptions. It assumes that the length, width, and wheelbase properties would be integers, and it performs some computations based on this assumption.

However, as you can see in the second function call to buildTeslaModelS, these values are strings, and so the assumption is no longer valid.

Also, the buildTeslaModelS function doesn’t know that it would have to deal with the measureRemCharging property, so it completely skips that part. It assumes that measureTirePressure is a mandatory property and that it should be present in all of these models. When it doesn’t find this property in the second function call, it throws an error at runtime.

This is an extremely flexible functionality! There should be a way to tell the buildTeslaModelS function the shape of the input teslaObj parameter. It would have been easier if there was a validation check for checking mandatory properties and their types on teslaObj at compile time.

Here come TypeScript interfaces to help!

TypeScript has inbuilt support for interfaces. An interface defines the specifications of an entity. It lays out the contract that states what needs to be done but doesn’t specify how it will be done.

In the above example, we can define an interface for the Tesla Model S, and each of its prototypes would then use this interface to come up with an implementation plan for various functionalities as defined in the interface.

This is the interface for the Tesla Model S:

interface TeslaModelS {
    length: number;
    width: number;
    wheelbase: number;
    seatingCapacity: number;
    getTyrePressure: () => number;
    getRemCharging: () => number;
}

An interface contains the names of all the properties, along with their types. It also includes the signature for functions along with the type of arguments and return type. For example, getTyrePressure and getRemCharging functions return the value of type number:

 

How to use an interface

A class or function can implement an interface to define the implementation of the properties as defined in that interface.

Let’s write a function to implement TeslaModelS interface:

function buildTeslaModelS (teslaObj: TeslaModelS) {
}

buildTeslaModelS({
    length: "196",
    width: "86",
    wheelbase: "116",
    measureRemCharging: function () {
    }
})

When you run the code shown above, the TypeScript compiler will throw the following error:

Argument of type { length: string; width: string; wheelbase: string; measureRemCharging: () => void; } is not assignable to parameter of type TeslaModelS. Object literal may only specify known properties, and measureRemCharging does not exist in type TeslaModelS.

The compiler complains for two reasons:

1. The properties length, width, and wheelbase are defined as type number in the interface, so it expects them to be of type number and not string
2. The property measureRemCharging is not defined on the interface. It should be named getRemCharging and it should return integer. The implementation of an entity should follow the contract as defined in its interface

To build a Tesla Model S as defined in the interface, we will have to define the function like this:

function buildTeslaModelS (teslaObj: TeslaModelS) {
}

buildTeslaModelS({
    length: 196,
    width: 86,
    wheelbase: 116,
    seatingCapacity: 4,
    getTyrePressure: function () {
        let tyrePressure = 20 // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return tyrePressure
    },
    getRemCharging: function () {
        let remCharging = 20 // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return remCharging
    }
})

The above implementation of teslaObj is exactly what the interface expects!

Duck typing/Structural subtyping in TypeScript

Duck typing (structural subtyping) is crucial in type checking. Duck typing is a type system focused on the shape and structure of an object rather than its explicit type or class.

TypeScript checks if an object or value has the required properties and methods at compile time rather than relying on predefined class hierarchies or interfaces.

Here’s how you can implement duck typing in TypeScript through interfaces to give you an overview of the significance of type checking in TypeScript:

interface Animal {
  name: string;
  makeSound(): void;
}

class Dog implements Animal {
  name: string;

  constructor(name: string) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  makeSound(): void {
    console.log('Woof!');
  }
}

class Cat implements Animal {
  name: string;

  constructor(name: string) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  makeSound(): void {
    console.log('Meow!');
  }
}

function playWithAnimal(animal: Animal): void {
  console.log(`Playing with ${animal.name}`);
  animal.makeSound();
}

const dog = new Dog('Max');
const cat = new Cat('Mittens');

playWithAnimal(dog); // Output: Playing with Max
playWithAnimal(cat); // Output: Playing with Mittens

Here, the Animal interface defines the minimum requirements for an animal. Animals must have a name property and a makeSound() method. The Dog and Cat classes implement the Animal interface, ensuring they have the necessary properties and methods for functions that accept an Animal argument.

The playWithAnimal function demonstrates duck typing. It doesn’t check the specific class of the animal parameter — it only checks if the object has the name property and the makeSound() method. Therefore, you can pass the Dog and Cat objects without errors.

It’s important to note that duck typing doesn’t replace explicit type checking. Explicit type checking provides valuable benefits, including catching type errors at compile time and improving code readability.

Interfaces vs. Types in TypeScript

Although you can use interfaces and types to define shapes and structures, there are differences in their usage and scenarios where one outperforms the other.

Here’s a summary of the key differences between interfaces and types in defining shapes:

Feature	Interfaces	Types
Primary purpose	Define object contracts	Represent various constructs, including shapes
Implementation details	No implementation	Can include implementation details
Flexibility	They are less flexible in terms of what they can represent	They are more flexible in terms of what they can represent
Contract enforcement	Enforce a strict contract for object properties	Don’t enforce a strict agreement, but can provide type information

Interfaces are ideal for describing the shape of objects and classes, enforcing contracts, and maintaining consistency in class structures. At the same time, types excel at crafting complex types, handling non-object data, and defining types for external libraries.

Choosing between interfaces and types in TypeScript depends on your specific needs and the nature of the data or structures you are working on within your project. You can use both in your TypeScript codebases to leverage their strengths in parts of your application.

Function interfaces in TypeScript

Function interfaces (function types) allow you to define the shape of functions. This can be helpful when you want to specify expected parameter types and return types for functions.

Here’s how you can define and use a function interface:

interface Calculator {
  (a: number, b: number): number;
}

const add: Calculator = (a, b) => a + b;
const subtract: Calculator = (a, b) => a - b;

console.log(add(5, 3));      // 8
console.log(subtract(10, 4)); // 6

The Calculator interface describes a function that takes two parameters of type number and returns a number. You can use this interface to enforce the shape of functions like add and subtract.

Function interfaces are valuable for ensuring functions adhere to specific signatures, enhancing code readability, and making it easier to catch type-related errors early in development.

How to define optional properties in interfaces

Interfaces do a great job of making sure entities are implemented as expected. However, there may be cases when it is not necessary to have all of the properties as defined in the interface.

These are called optional properties and are represented in the interface like this:

interface TeslaModelS {
    length: number;
    width: number;
    wheelbase: number;
    seatingCapacity: number;
    getTyrePressure?: () => number;
    getRemCharging: () => number;
}

Note the ? in the getTyrePressure property. The question mark suggests that the property getTyrePressure is optional and is not mandatory for entities to implement this functionality in all models. The compiler won’t complain even if you don’t specify this property in the teslaObj parameter.

The compiler also checks for excess properties that are not defined in the interface. Let’s say the teslaObj contains an excess property turningCircle, which is not specified in the TeslaModelS interface:

buildTeslaModelS({
    length: 196,
    width: 86,
    wheelbase: 116,
    getTyrePressure: function () {
        let tyrePressure = 20 // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return tyrePressure
    },
    getRemCharging: function () {
        let remCharging = 20 // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return remCharging
    },
    turningCircle: 10
})

The compiler will throw the following error:

Argument of type { length: number; width: number; wheelbase: number; getTyrePressure: () => number; getRemCharging: () => number; turningCircle: number; } is not assignable to parameter of type TeslaModelS. Object literal may only specify known properties, and turningCircle does not exist in type TeslaModelS.

Read-only properties in interfaces

Read-only properties cannot be changed once they are initialized. For example, the properties length, width, wheelbase, and seatingCapacity should never be modified in any case after they are initialized with some fixed value.

We will have to modify our interface to reflect this change:

interface TeslaModelS {
    readonly length: number;
    readonly width: number;
    readonly wheelbase: number;
    readonly seatingCapacity: number;
    getTyrePressure?: () => number;
    getRemCharging: () => number;
}

Note the use of the readonly keyword with the name of the properties. It suggests that these properties cannot be modified after they are initialized with some value.

Indexable properties in interfaces

Indexable properties, as the name suggests, are used for defining types that are indexed into a unique number or a string. For example, we can define a type CustomArray as:

Note the cars variable is not an ordinary array, so you cannot use array inbuilt functions like push, pop, filter, etc. You might argue that it is better to define ordinary arrays instead of using indexable types. Indexable types are helpful when you have to define custom properties and functions that should operate on a range of values of the same data type.

Because we have clearly put together the specifications of the Tesla Model S in an interface, it has improved the efficiency of the Tesla engineers, and they are now ready with the first set of 100 cars. It is time for the reviewing committee to go through each of the models and test them for performance and other factors:

The TeslaModelSReview interface indexes the group of properties  —  engineer, model, and rating — associated with a particular model into a unique numeric index. The TeslaModelSReviewQueue is of type TeslaModelSReview. It lists the Tesla models built by different engineers.

From the code above, we can see that John has built two models:  modelByJohn1 and modelByJohn2, which are rated as 2 and 4, respectively.

The type of indexer can either be a string or a number. We can also define other properties in TeslaModelSReview interface but these properties should return a subtype of TeslaModelS type.

The indices of TeslaModelSReview can be made read-only to prevent modifying its values while it is in the review process. We’ll have to change our TeslaModelSReview interface like this:

interface TeslaModelSReview {
    readonly [id: number]: TeslaModelS
}

How to define function types in interfaces

An interface can also be used for defining the structure of a function. As we saw earlier, the functions getTyrePressure and getRemCharging are defined as properties on the TeslaModelS interface. However, we can define an interface for functions like this:

interface Order {
    (customerId: number, modelId: number): boolean 
}

let orderFn: Order = function (cId, mId) {
    // processing the order
    return true // processed successfully!
}

The orderFn function is to type Order. It takes two parameters of type number and returns a value of type boolean.

There is no need to define the type of parameters again in the definition of orderFn function as you can see in the code above. The compiler just makes a one-to-one mapping of the arguments as defined in the interface with the one defined in the function declaration.

The compiler infers that cId maps to customerId and its type is number and mId maps to modelId and its type is also number. Even the return type for orderFn function is inferred from its definition in the interface.

How to use interfaces with classes

So far, we’ve learned how a function implements an interface. Now let’s build a class for the TeslaModelS interface:

class TeslaModelSPrototype implements TeslaModelS {
    length: number;
    width: number;
    wheelbase: number;
    seatingCapacity: number;
    private tempCache: string;

    constructor (l, w, wb, sc) {
        this.length = l;
        this.width = w;
        this.wheelbase = wb;
        this.seatingCapacity = sc;
    }

    getTyrePressure () {
        let tyrePressure = 20 // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return tyrePressure
    }

    getRemCharging () {
        let remCharging = 20 // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return remCharging
    }
}

let teslaObj = new TeslaModelSPrototype(196, 86, 116, 4)
console.log('Tyre Pressure', teslaObj.getTyrePressure())

The class TeslaModelSPrototype has defined all the properties of an interface. Note that the interface defines only the public properties of a class. As can be seen from the code above, the property tempCache has an access modifier private and so it is not defined in the interface TeslaModelS.

Different types of variables in a class

A class has three different types of variables:

1. Local variables:  A local variable is defined at the function or block level. It exists only until the function or the block is in execution. Every time a function runs, new copies of the local variables are created in memory
2. Instance variables:  Instance variables are members of the class. They are used to store the attributes of class objects. Each of the objects has its own copy of instance variables
3. Static variables:  Static variables are also called class variables because they are associated with a class as a whole. All of the objects of a class share the same copy of static variables

Please note that interfaces deal only with the instance part of the class. For example, the constructor function comes under the static part. The interface TeslaModelS does not specify anything related to the constructor or the static part.

Extending interfaces

An interface can extend any other interface and import its properties. This helps in building small and reusable components. For example, we can create different interfaces to handle the different components of the Tesla Model like this:

interface Wheel {
    wheelBase: number;
    controls: Array<string>,
    material: string;
}

interface Charger {
    adapter: string;
    connector: string;
    location: string;
}

interface TeslaModelS extends Wheel, Charger {
    // ... All other properties
}

The TeslaModelS interface extends the properties of Wheel and Charger. Instead of dumping all of the properties in a single interface, it is good practice to make separate interfaces for handling different components.

How are type aliases different from interfaces?

Type aliases are used for giving a name to a combination of different types in TypeScript. For example, we can create a type that can either be of type string or null:

type StringOrNull = string | null;

Type aliases and interfaces are often used interchangeably in TypeScript. The shape of the TeslaModelS object can also be defined using type like this:

type TeslaModelS {
    length: number;
    width: number;
    wheelbase: number;
    seatingCapacity: number;
    getTyrePressure: () => number;
    getRemCharging: () => number;
}

Similar to how interfaces extend other interfaces and type aliases using the keyword, type aliases can also extend other types and interfaces using the intersection operator. Type aliases can also be implemented by a class.

Type aliases are generally used in cases where we have to define a merge of different types. For example, consider the function renderObject:

function renderObject (objShape: Square | Rectangle | Triangle) {\
    // ...
}

The renderObject function takes an input parameter objShape. Square, Rectangle, and Triangle are types, and | is called the union operator. objShape can be of type Square, Rectangle, or Triangle. However, the union of shapes cannot be expressed using an interface.

Interfaces are used for defining a contract regarding the shape of an object; hence they cannot be used with the union of multiple shapes. Even a class cannot implement a type that describes a union of shapes. This is one of the important functional differences between interfaces and type aliases.

When we define two interfaces with the same name, both of them are merged into one. The resulting interface will have properties from both interfaces. However, the compiler will complain if we try to define multiple types with the same name.

Hybrid types in interfaces

In JavaScript, functions are also considered objects and it is valid to add properties even on function literals like this:

function manufactureCar (type) {
    const model = function getModel (type) {
        console.log('inside getModel function')
        // get the model of type as mentioned in the argument
    }
    model.getCustomerDetails = function  () {
        console.log('inside customer details function')
        // get the details of the customer who has purchased this model
    }
    model.price = 100000
    model.trackDelivery = function () {
        console.log('inside trackDelivery function')
        // track the delivery of the model
    }
    return model
}

let tesla = manufactureCar('tesla')
tesla() // tesla is a function
tesla.getCustomerDetails() // getCustomerDetails is a property defined on function

As you can see from the above code, the variable model is assigned a value of function/ getCustomerDetails and trackDelivery are attached as properties on the model. This is a common pattern in JavaScript. How do we define this pattern with TypeScript interfaces?

interface CarDelivery {
    (string): TeslaModelS,
    getCustomerDetails (): string,
    price: number,
    trackDelivery (): string
}

function manufactureCar (type: string): CarDelivery {
    const model = <CarDelivery> function (type: string) {
        // get the model of type as mentioned in the argument
    }
    model.getCustomerDetails = function () {
        // get the details of the customer who has purchased this model
        return 'customer details'
    }
    model.price = 100000
    model.trackDelivery = function () {
        // track the delivery of the model
        return 'tracking address'
    }
    return model
}
let tesla = manufactureCar('tesla')
tesla() // tesla is a function
tesla.getCustomerDetails() // getCustomerDetails is a property defined on function

The object of type CarDelivery is returned from the manufactureCar function. The interface CarDelivery helps in maintaining the shape of the object returned from the manufactureCar function. It makes sure that all the mandatory properties of the model  —  getCustomerDetails, price, and trackDelivery — are present in the model.

How to use generics in interfaces

Generics in TypeScript are used when we have to create generic components that can work on multiple data types. For example, we don’t want to restrict our function to accept only number as the input parameter. It should scale as per the use case and accept a range of types.

Let’s write code for implementing a stack that handles generic data types:

interface StackSpec<T> {
    (elements: Array<T>): void
}

function Stack<T> (elements) {
    this.elements = elements
    this.head = elements.length - 1

    this.push = function (number): void {
        this.elements[this.head] = number
        this.head++
    }

    this.pop = function <T>(): T {
        this.elements.splice(-1, 1)
        this.head--
        return this.elements[this.head]
    }

    this.getElements = function (): Array<T> {
        return this.elements
    }
}

let stacksOfStr: StackSpec<string> = Stack
let cars = new stacksOfStr(['Hatchback', 'Sedan', 'Land Rover'])
cars.push('Tesla Model S')

console.log('Cars', cars.getElements()) // ['Hatchback', 'Sedan', 'Land Rover', 'Tesla Model S']

The interface StackSpec takes in any data type and puts it in the definition of the function. T is used for defining type. The function Stack takes an array of elements as the input.

Stack has methods  —  push for adding a new element of type T in the original elements array, pop is used for removing the top-most element of the elements array, and the getElements function returns all the elements of type T.

We’ve created a stack of strings called stacksOfStr, which takes in string and accordingly replaces T with string. We can reuse this stack implementation for creating stacks of number and other data types.

We can also create a stack of Tesla Models. Let’s see how to do that:

let stacksOfTesla: StackSpec<TeslaModelS> = Stack
let teslaModels = [
    {
        engineer: 'John',
        modelId: 1,
        length: 112,
        //...
    },
    // ...
]
let teslaStack = new stacksOfTesla(teslaModels)
console.log(teslaStack) // prints the value of `teslaModels`

Please note that we are using the same stack implementation for an array of type TeslaModelS. Generics coupled with interfaces is a powerful tool in TypeScript.

How TypeScript compiles interfaces

TypeScript does a great job of handling the weird parts of JavaScript. However, the browser doesn’t understand TypeScript so it has to be compiled down to JavaScript.

The TypeScript compiler compiles the above TeslaModelSPrototype class as:

var TeslaModelSPrototype = /** @class */ (function () {
    function TeslaModelSPrototype(l, w, wb, sc) {
        this.length = l;
        this.width = w;
        this.wheelbase = wb;
        this.seatingCapacity = sc;
    }
    TeslaModelSPrototype.prototype.getTyrePressure = function () {
        var tyrePressure = 20; // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return tyrePressure;
    };
    TeslaModelSPrototype.prototype.getRemCharging = function () {
        var remCharging = 20; // Evaluated after doing a few complex computations!
        return remCharging;
    };
    return TeslaModelSPrototype;
}());
var teslaObj = new TeslaModelSPrototype(196, 86, 116, 4);
console.log('Tyre Pressure', teslaObj.getTyrePressure());

I’m using the TypeScript Playground to see the compiled code. The instance variables  —  length, width, wheelBase, and seatingCapacity — are initialized in the function TeslaModelSPrototype. The methods getTyrePressure and getRemCharging are defined on the prototype of the function TeslaModelSPrototype.

The above code is plain JavaScript, so it can run in the browser.

Why use interfaces?

As you have already learned, interfaces help in defining a concrete plan for the implementation of an entity. Apart from that, interfaces also help the performance of JavaScript engines.

This section assumes that you have some understanding of JavaScript engines. We’re going to dig deeper into the workings of JavaScript engines and understand how interfaces help with performance.

Let’s understand how the Compiler sitting on V8 (JavaScript engine on Chrome) stores objects.

The interfaces in TypeScript exist only until compile time. As you can see in the code that was generated by the TypeScript compiler, there is no mention of interfaces. The properties of TeslaModelS interface (length, width, wheelBase, and seatingCapacity) are added in the TeslaModelSPrototype constructor while the function types are attached to the prototype of TeslaModelSPrototype function. The JavaScript engines don’t know anything related to interfaces.

If we instantiate thousands of TeslaModelSPrototype cars, we will have to deal with thousands of objects of type TeslaModelS. Each of these objects will have a structure similar to that of the interface.

How does the JavaScript engine store these thousands of objects of the same shape? Does it make thousands of copies of these objects? Making thousands of copies of similar shapes is definitely a waste of memory.

The JavaScript engines make just one shape of type TeslaModelS and each of the objects stores corresponding values of the properties as defined in the TeslaModelS interface:

Objects share the same shape. This is a great performance benefit on the side of JavaScript engines.

If the objects have different shapes, the engines will have to create different shapes for these objects and handle them accordingly. Interfaces help in keeping the shapes of similar objects intact.

Callable interfaces

Callable interfaces allow us to use type functions to catch issues such as passing functions expecting the wrong arguments or returning the wrong value.

For example, take the following code:

const generateANumber: Function = (factor: number, genFunc: Function) => {
return genFunc(factor)
}
console.log(generateANumber(5, (a:number) => a)) // 5
console.log(generateANumber(5, () => "Cheese")) //Cheese

Let’s assume we wanted the getFunc argument to be a function that takes a number and returns a number. With the code above, that is not enforced and we can see that on line five, we pass a function that takes no arguments and returns a string. No type errors will be raised.

We could solve the problem like so:

// Callable Interface
interface NumberGenerator {
    (num: number): number
}
interface GenANum {
    (num: number, gen: NumberGenerator): number
}
const generateANumber: GenANum = (factor: number, genFunc: NumberGenerator) => {
    return genFunc(factor)
}
console.log(generateANumber(5, (a:number) => a)) // 5
console.log(generateANumber(5, () => "Cheese")) // Type Error

We have two interfaces that impose a signature for generateANumber and its genFunc argument. This will pass () =>" Cheese " to the generateANumber function and give us a type error, thereby making our code more type-safe. Callable interfaces essentially allow us to type our functions.

You can view the code for this section here.

How to use interfaces with React

Let’s build a simple use case for displaying a list of Pokemon using React and TypeScript interfaces.

Here’s the main App component that renders the Pokemon list in the div container with an id of root:

import React, { Component, Fragment } from 'react';
import { render } from 'react-dom';
import PokemonList from './pokemon-list';
import './style.css';

const App = () => {
  return (
    <Fragment>
        <h2>Pokemon List</h2>
        <PokemonList />
      </Fragment>
  )
}

render(<App />, document.getElementById('root'));

The App component renders PokemonList. Let’s check the implementation of the PokemonList component:

import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { PokemonListModel } from './pokemon-model';

interface PokemonProps {}
interface PokemonState {
  pokemonList: PokemonListModel | null;
}

class PokemonList extends Component<PokemonProps, PokemonState> {

  constructor (props) {
    super(props);
    this.state = {
      pokemonList: null
    }
  }

  getPokemonList = () => {
    fetch ('https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon/?limit=50')
      .then (response => {
        return response.json();
      })
      .then (response => {
        this.setState({ pokemonList: response });
      })
  }

  render () {
    let { pokemonList } = this.state;
    return (
      <div className='pokemon-list'>
        {
          pokemonList && pokemonList.results.map (pokemon => {
            return (
              <div className='row' key={pokemon.name}>
                <span>{pokemon.name}</span>
              </div>
            )
          })
        }
      </div>
    )
  }

  componentDidMount () {
    this.getPokemonList()
  }
}

export default PokemonList

The PokemonList component fetches the list of Pokemon using the open source Pokemon API project. It stores the results of the Pokemon API in the state of the component. The component uses interfaces PokemonProps and PokemonState for defining its props and state. The interface PokemonListModel defines the structure of an object as returned from the Pokemon API.

Here’s the PokemonListModel interface:

export interface PokemonListModel {
  count: number;
  next: string | null;
  previous: string | null;
  results: Array
}

interface Pokemon {
  name: string;
  url: string;
}

Notice the type of results property. It uses the interface Pokemon to define the structure of results. Here’s the demo of the Pokemon application on Stackblitz:

react-ts-pokemon – StackBlitz

List of Pokemon

Using interfaces in Angular

Now, let’s dive into interfaces in Angular. Because Angular is a TypeScript-based framework, the interfaces in Angular work similarly but are still worth a discussion. Let’s examine the following Angular codebase for its use of interfaces.

First, we’ll look at /src/app/types.ts. In this file, we can define any interfaces and types we plan on using throughout the application:

export interface Post {
  title: string
  content: string
}

Here, we define the interface for a single Post, having two properties for title and content. We plan on being able to retrieve a list of posts and being able to add posts. We will want to encapsulate this data management into a service, which we can find in /src/app/post.service.ts:

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Post } from './types';
@Injectable({
  providedIn: 'root'
})
export class PostService {
  #posts:[Post] // private property of posts
  constructor() {
    this.#posts = [{title: "Post 0", content: "content for post 0"}]
   }
  // method for adding a post
  addPosts(newPost: Post){
    this.#posts.push(newPost)
  }
  // method for getting all posts
  getPosts(){
    return this.#posts
  }
}

In this service call, we used our Post interface to define a private property, an array of posts, and then instantiate the array with an initial post. We also give this service two methods:

• addPosts: Takes a Post as an argument and then pushes it into the this.#posts array
• getPosts: Returns the array of Post objects

We can then inject this service into any component that needs access to this list of posts, like our App component in src/app/app.component.ts:

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { PostService } from './post.service';
import { Post } from './types';
@Component({
  selector: 'app-root',
  templateUrl: './app.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./app.component.css'],
})
export class AppComponent {
  title = 'sampleproject';
  postService: PostService;
  posts: [Post]
  // initiate PostService in component
  constructor(postService: PostService) {
    this.postService = postService;
    this.posts = this.postService.getPosts()
  }
  addPost() {
    // Create new post
    const newPost: Post = {
      title: `Post ${this.posts.length}`,
      content: 'this is the content for this post',
    };
    // update list of posts in service and component
    this.postService.addPosts(newPost)
    this.posts = this.postService.getPosts()
  }
}

In the Component class, we use our service and post type to define two properties of the class:

• this.postService: The instance of the PostService we defined earlier
• this.posts: The copy of the arrays of Post objects local to this component

In the constructor, we use dependency injection to instantiate a PostService in the constructor arguments. We assign postService, the argument with the PostService object, to this.postService and then immediately use its getPosts() method to fill the array with existing posts.

We add a local addPost method to the component that programmatically adds a new post and updates the service and local version of the array. With all of this built out, we can now build the interface for this component in src/app/app.component.html:

<h1> Posts </h1>
<button (click)="addPost()">Add Post</button>
<div *ngFor="let post of posts; index as i">
  <h2>{{post.title}}</h2>
  <p>{{post.content}}</p>
</div>

Here, we have the div loop over the this.posts array from the component and generate an h2 and p element for each post. We also have a button that will trigger the addPost method and add a new post.

Throughout all of this, we’ve been using the Post interface. If we make any mistakes, like writing a Post property as Title instead of title, we’d get the type error so we can fix the problem long before the application is run, ultimately avoiding runtime errors.

Conclusion

Interfaces are a powerful way of defining contracts in TypeScript. Let’s recap all that we have learned in this tutorial:

1. Interfaces define the specifications of entities and they can be implemented by functions or classes. We can define optional properties on an interface using ? and read-only properties by using the readonly keyword in the property name
2. The TypeScript compiler also checks for excess properties on an object and gives an error if an object contains a property that is defined in the interface
3. We also learned how to define Indexable properties using interfaces
4. Classes can implement an interface. The interface contains the definition for only the instance variables of a class
5. Interfaces can be extended to import properties of other interfaces using the extends keyword
6. We can use the power of generics with interfaces and build reusable components
7. We also learned how interfaces help with the performance of JavaScript engines