A comprehensive guide to JavaScript expressions and operators

Introduction

If you are a web developer like me, you deal with JavaScript code every day. However, despite using this library in our daily work, many of us do not know all of the JavaScript expressions and operators that would help make our lives easier.

In this article, I have listed some must-know expressions and operators in JavaScript, including simple and concise examples for each. Let’s dive in!

JavaScript expressions

An expression is any valid unit of code (made of a set of literals, variables, operators, and other simpler expressions) that produces a value when resolved. An expression can be as simple as a variable name that equals whatever value we assigned to it (like x = 5).

As you likely already know, the value we assign to our variable can be anything from a number, to a string, to a boolean.

There are 👇🏼 five categories of expressions; the first three are fairly simple, while the last two are a little more complex.

1. Arithmetic:

These expressions use arithmetic operators, numbers like 5 or 5.864.

2. String:

These expressions have a set of characters like "nada" or "5.864" as values.

3. Logical:

These expressions equal true or false, usually through a logical operator such as && or ||.

4. Primary expressions:

These are basic keywords and key characters we use in our JavaScript code (you probably know most of these):

this:

As in this.propertyName. The this expression refers to an object’s property within an execution context.

… Now you might be wondering: what is the execution context for this? Generally, it is the global context (in a browser, for example, it would be window). An exception would be if it is used within an object method (e.g. user.fullName()). In this case, this is called within the method (fullname()) and will refer to the object context (user).

For more info, codeSTACKr explains this in more details in this video.👈🏼

function, function* and async function:

As you know, function defines the function expression (duh). Stating the obvious, a function is a code procedure that takes an input (a set of statements) and returns an output in the form of a task performance.

On the other hand, a function* defines a generator function, which simplifies the task of writing iterators by generating a sequence of results instead of a single value.

Although you can use function* in asynchronous programming, it’s better to use an async function simply. An async function enables “asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a cleaner style,” while avoiding the need to configure promise chains explicitly.

Generally speaking, an async function will allow you to perform a series of tasks without having to wait for one to finish before running the next one.

For more info, I recommend checking out this video.

yield, yield* and await:

To start, let’s differentiate yield from return and yield from await:

return is used in regular functions, while yield is used in generator functions (function*). The difference is that in a function, we can simply return a value. In contrast, in a generator function, we generate a sequence of values, so yield is used to generate multiple values until we stop calling that function*.

On the other hand, await is only used in async functions. The sole mission of an async function is to return a promise, so await will call Promise.resolve on the awaited value.

Now that we have differentiated between return, yield and await, you might be wondering what the heck is yield* about. It’s actually fairly simple: yield* delegates to another generator function in the following manner:

function* function1() {
yield "I'm the value from function1 👋 but when function2 is called, it delegates to function1 the task of generating a value";
}
function* function2() {
yield* function1();
}
console.log(function2().next().value);
// expected output: "I'm the value from function1, but when function2 is called, it delegates to function1 the task of generating a value "

class:

A user on Quora described a class as “a blueprint for an object,” and I couldn’t agree more with this comparison.

To wrap your brain around the concept of a class expression (introduced in ES6), it’s useful to see how it works in an example:

class ClothingItem {
constructor(type, season) {
this.type = type;
this.season = season;
}
description() {
return `This ${this.type} is for ${this.season}`;
}
}
console.log(new ClothingItem("dress", "winter"));
// expected output: Object {season: "winter", type: "dress"}
console.log(new ClothingItem("dress", "winter").description());
// expected output: "This dress is for winter"

As shown here, after we defined the object’s instance properties using the constructor(), we were able to bind our data to a method using description().

Array initializer/literal syntax []:

There are different ways to initialize an array, but the simplest way is by using []:

let myEmptyArray = [];
console.log(myEmptyArray);
// expected output: []

You can then push array elements into it (myEmptyArray.push(475)) or even define them at the initialization phase (let myArray = [1, 100]).

Object initializer/literal syntax {}:

Similar to the same way we can initialize an array with a literal syntax instead of the constructor syntax, we can also initialize an object with just {}:

let myEmptyObject = {};
console.log(myEmptyObject);
// expected output: Object {}

Regexp (short for regular expression) /ab+c/i:

RegExp is used to match text with a pattern, making sure that what the user puts in a field matches the pattern on, say, an email or a number, for instance).

A while ago, I found this great tool to learn, build, and test RegExp. But, for a quick cheat sheet that helps me get the regular expressions that I need quickly, I use iHateRegex 😉.

Grouping operator ():

The parentheses that we call the grouping operator simply control the precedence of evaluation in any given expression.

As you know, 1 + 2 * 3 will yield the same result as 1 + (2 * 3) (7). However, if you change the order of the parenthesis, you change who gets to be evaluated first. For example, (1 + 2) * 3 will return 9.

As a programmer, this comes in handy in situations where you need to evaluate many conditions using ternary operators:

condition1 ? "statement 1" : (condition2 ? "statement 2" : "statement 3");

5. Left-hand-side expressions:

Left-hand-side (LHS) expressions refer to the location of a particular expression or assignment. Unsurprisingly, you’ll find them on the left-hand-side of the code block. They are comprised of the following:

Property accessors:

A property accessor provides us with a way to access an object property by using either of these two syntaxes:

• With the dot notation object.property
• With the bracket notation object["property"]

Check out the example below:

const myObject = {
firstObject: "Boku",
secondObject: "Anata",
};
console.log(myObject.firstObject);
// Expected output: "Boku"
console.log(myObject["secondObject"]);
// Expected output: "Anata"

new:

As we saw in our earlier example of [class] expressions, you can create an instance of an object just using the new keyword. Read more about the details of the new operator here.

new.target:

new.target simply detects if a function or constructor was called using the new keyword. Learn more about this meta property in this video and in this article. 👈🏻

super:

The keyword super is used to access and call a parent constructor. It can come in handy with class inheritance when, for instance, you have two constructors that share common parts. To avoid duplicating your code, you can call super().

Here’s an example of super at work:

class Movie {
constructor(name, year) {
this.name = name;
this.year = year;
}
MovieDescription() {
return `Movie: ${this.name}, year: ${this.year}.`;
}
}
console.log(new Movie("Ma Rainey's Black Bottom", "2020"));
// expected output: Object { name: "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom", year: "2020"}
console.log(new Movie("Ma Rainey's Black Bottom", "2020").MovieDescription());
// expected output: "Movie: Ma Rainey's Black Bottom, year: 2020."
class TvShow extends Movie {
constructor(name, year, seasons) {
super(name, year);
this.seasons = seasons;
}
TvShowDescription() {
return `Tv Show: ${this.name}, number of seasons: ${this.seasons}, year: ${this.year}.`;
}
}
console.log(new TvShow("F.R.I.E.N.D.S", "1994", 10));
// expected output: Object { name: "F.R.I.E.N.D.S", seasons: 10, year: "1994"}
console.log(new TvShow("F.R.I.E.N.D.S", "1994", 10).TvShowDescription());
// expected output: "Tv Show: F.R.I.E.N.D.S, number of seasons: 10, year: 1994."

Spread syntax ...obj:

The spread syntax, ..., allows you to expand an expression. For instance, if you need to add an array into an array, you may get something like this (if you don’t use the ...): [a, [b, c], d].

One way that you can use the spread operator is to spread the array elements:

let childArray = ["b", "c"];
let parentArray = ["a", ...childArray, "d"];
console.log(parentArray);
// expected output: [a, b, c, d]

There are a few other ways the spread syntax can be used, covered in this article.

JavaScript operators

Now that we’ve seen what expressions can do, it’s time to jump into talking about operators. Operators are used to build complex expressions entirely out of simpler expressions. We’ll explain more below.

Operators are the tools we use to generate right-hand-side (RHS) values. They can be as simple as the addition operator — a + b = c where the generated right-hand-value is c — or a bit trickier where a conditional operator, for instance, is used: (c > a) ? "c is greater than a": "c is not greater than a".

There are three types of operators: unary, binary, and ternary. In the following sections, we’ll discuss all three with simple, easy-to-follow examples.

Unary operators

A unary operator is an operator that only requires one operand (expression) to generate a value. For example, in 2++ I only need one operand (2) to generate a value.

There are many types of unary operators, which we will discuss below.

Unary arithmetic operators:

Increment operator ++:

The increment operator is pretty straightforward: it adds 1. However, take note that its behavior varies depending on whether it postfixes or prefixes its operand:

let a = 2;
console.log(a++);
// expected output: 2
console.log(a);
// expected output: 3
let b = 2;
console.log(++b);
// expected output: 3
console.log(b);
// expected output: 3

Decrement operator --:

The same principle as the increment operator applies to the decrement operator:

let a = 2;
console.log(a--);
// expected output: 2
console.log(a);
// expected output: 1
let b = 2;
console.log(--b);
// expected output: 1
console.log(b);
// expected output: 1

Unary plus operator +:

The unary plus operator + does one simple thing: it converts its operand to a number (if it is not one already):

let a = "2";
console.log(a);
// expected output: "2"
console.log(+a);
// expected output: 2

This trick is handy to cast a string into a number. You might ask: what if it can’t be converted to a number? In that case, +"some_string" returns NaN.

Unary negation operator -:

The unary negation operator does the same thing as + (converts a string to a number), but it goes the extra mile by also negating its operand:

let a = "2";
console.log(a);
// expected output: "2"
console.log(-a);
// expected output: -2

Unary logical operators:

A logical operator is an operator used with logical values, or as we commonly know them: Booleans (true/false). Therefore, it follows that a unary logical operator is an operator that only needs one boolean operand to generate a value.

Logical NOT operator !:

The ! operator returns false when applied to a truthy expression, 👉🏼 and vice versa.

let a = 2;
let b = 4;
console.log(a < b);
// expected output: true
console.log(!(a < b));
// expected output: false
console.log(!(a > b));
// expected output: true
console.log(!"truthy");
// expected output: false
console.log(!"truthy");
// expected output: false

Unary bitwise operators:

As human beings, we make sense of numbers using the decimal system (1, 4.5, 5000, and so on). Computers, on the other, process numbers in a binary format (a combination of zeroes and ones).

What bitwise operator does is evaluate the operand, not based on their decimal value, but instead based on their binary 32-bit representation:

let decimal = 9;
let binary = decimal.toString(2);
console.log(binary);
// expected output: "1001"
// 32 bit integer : "00000000000000000000000000001001"

Fortunately, this 32-bit representation happens behind the curtains. The output of the bitwise operator is still a standard JavaScript output, as we’ll cover below.

Bitwise NOT operator ~:

The unary bitwise NOT operator (~) inverts the bits of its operand.

const a = 3;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011
console.log(~a);
// expected output: -4
// 32-bit integer: 11111111111111111111111111111100

What happens here is that the NOT operator takes our operand’s (3) 32-bit representation 00000000000000000000000000000011, reverts the zeros to ones, and the reverts the ones into zeros.

To convert a decimal to a binary or 32-bit integer, check out this useful tool.

delete operator:

You guessed it: this operator removes the operand that it is applied to, as long as the property belongs to an object (including arrays):

const programmer = {
alias: "rosen",
age: 30,
};
console.log(programmer.alias);
// expected output: "rosen"
delete programmer.alias;
console.log(programmer.alias);
// expected output: undefined

Note, however, that you cannot use delete on an ordinary variable.

const programmer = "rosen";
console.log(programmer);
// expected output: "rosen"
delete programmer;
console.log(programmer);
// expected output: "rosen"

void operator:

If, for some reason, you need an expression to return undefined (even though it’s supposed to return something), the way to go is the void operator.

function notVoid() {
return "I am not void!";
}
console.log(notVoid());
// expected output: "I am not void!"
console.log(void notVoid());
// expected output: undefined

typeof operator:

Finally, as its name implies, the typeof operator names the type of expression that it is applied to:

console.log(typeof 3);
// expected output: "number"
console.log(typeof "3");
// expected output: "string"
console.log(typeof (3 > "3"));
// expected output: "string"
function three() {}
console.log(typeof three);
// expected output: "function"
array = [];
console.log(typeof array);
// expected output: "object"

Binary operators

In contrast to unary operators, binary operators require two operands to generate a value.

For example, the comparison operator greater than( >) can only generate a value (true or false) if it is applied to two expressions (in this instance, 2 > 5 will evaluate to false).

Standard arithmetic operators:

Addition operator +:

let a = 4;
let b = 2;
console.log(a + b);
// expected output: 6

Subtraction operator -:

let a = 4;
let b = 2;
console.log(a - b);
// expected output: 2

Division operator /:

let a = 4;
let b = 2;
console.log(a / b);
// expected output: 2

Multiplication operator *:

let a = 4;
let b = 2;
console.log(a * b);
// expected output: 8

Exponentiation operator **:

The exponentiation operator calculates the exponent to the base. In the example below, you will that 4 is the base and 2 is the exponent, resulting in an expected output of 16.

let a = 4;
let b = 2;
console.log(a ** b);
// expected output: 16

Remainder operator %:

Also called modulus, the remainder ( % )operator returns the “leftover” from the division of two operands.

let a = 4;
let b = 2;
console.log(a % b);
// expected output: 0
let c = 3;
console.log(a % c);
// expected output: 1

Comparison operators:

As the name suggests, comparison operators compare the operands they are applied to and then return a true or false.

Note that you can compare any operand, whether it be a number, a string, a boolean, or an object. Strings, for example, are compared based on their unicode values. In situations where we are comparing operands of different types, JavaScript will convert the operands to compatible types for comparison.

string = "string";
console.log(string.charCodeAt()); // returns a string unicode value
// expected value: 115
console.log(string < 3);
// expected value: false
console.log(false > true);
// expected value: false
console.log(true > false);
// expected value: true
function operand1() {
return "hello";
}
bye = ["zaijian", "matta", "besslama", "tchao"];
console.log(operand1() !== bye);
// expected value: true

Equality operators:

There are four different kinds of equality operators: ==, !=, ===, and !==. In the following examples, we’ll show exactly how each works, but to start, here are a few notes to keep in mind:

• The equal == and not equal != operators convert the operands before comparing them, so 3 == "3" evaluates to true, even though we’re comparing a number and a string.
• On the other hand, the strict equal === and strict not equal !== operators will consider the type of the operand it compares. Thus, 3 === "3" will return false in this case.

Equal operator ==:

console.log(3 == "3");
// expected value: true
console.log(3 == 3);
// expected value: true

Not equal operator !=:

console.log(3 != "3");
// expected value: false
console.log(3 != 3);
// expected value: false

Strict equal operator ===:

console.log(3 === "3");
// expected value: false
console.log(3 === 3);
// expected value: true

Strict not equal operator !==:

console.log(3 === "3");
// expected value: true
console.log(3 === 3);
// expected value: false

Relational operators:

Greater than operator >:

console.log(3 > 1);
// expected value: true

Greater than or equal operator >=:

console.log(3 >= "3");
// expected value: true

Less than operator <:

console.log("3" < 1);
// expected value: false

Less than or equal operator <=:

console.log(3 <= 1);
// expected value: false

Logical operators:

Logical AND operator &&:

The && operator must evaluate both of its operands before returning true or false. This also means that if only one of the expressions is false, the AND will return false.

console.log(3 > 1 && "3" > 0);
// expected value: true

Logical OR operator* ||:

On the other hand, the || operator will return true if either of its operands is true. Therefore, if the first operand evaluates to true, then the expected value will return as true without needing to check the second operand.

console.log(3 > 1 || "3" == 0);
// expected value: true

Bitwise operators:

As discussed earlier in this guide, bitwise operators evaluate their operands based on their 32-bit representation; the value is then returned in standard JavaScript output.

For more a more in-depth discussion of use cases for JavaScript bit operators, I recommend reading this article.

Bitwise logical operators:

Bitwise AND operator &:

The bitwise AND operator (&) puts a 0 in its evaluation result when one of the 32 bits in each of the two operands binary representation have opposite values (0 versus 1):

const a = 3;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011
const b = 7;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000111
console.log(a & b);
// expected output: 3
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011

As you can see here, the 1 in b ‘s binary representation, which conflicts with the 0 in a‘s binary representation at that same position, has been inverted to 0.

Bitwise XOR operator ^:

The bitwise XOR operator (^) follows quite a different logic than the bitwise & operator. Unlike the latter, ^ only reverts the 1‘s (in the same position) in each of the two operands binary to 0‘s:

const a = 3;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011
const b = 7;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000111
console.log(a ^ b);
// expected output: 4
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000100

Bitwise OR operator |:

The bitwise OR operator (|) follows the same logic as & EXCEPT for reverting the bit to 1 (instead of 0).

const a = 3;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011
const b = 7;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000111
console.log(a | b);
// expected output: 7
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000111

Bitwise shift operators:

In our previous examples, we have seen how bitwise logical operators take the 32-bits of their operands, evaluate them, and output a result where they revert some bit’s value.

On the other hand, bitwise shift operators take the 32-bits binary representation of its LHS operand and shifts one bit to a specific position (specified by its RHS operand).

To better visualize how this and each shift operator works, let’s walk through the examples below:

Left shift operator <<:

Here, the left shift operator takes a‘s 32-bits binary representation, shifts by 7 (b) positions to the left, and discards the excess (000000).

const a = 3;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011
const b = 7;
console.log(a << b);
// expected output: 384
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000110000000

Right shift operator >>:

The right shift operator >> does the same as the left shift operator <<, but with two differences:

1. It moves in the opposite direction, and
2. It preserves the sign of the operand

const a = 5;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000101
const b = 2;
console.log(a >> b);
// expected output: 1
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000001
const c = -5;
// 32-bit integer: -00000000000000000000000000000101
console.log(c >> b);
// expected output: -2
// 32-bit integer: -00000000000000001111111111111110

Unsigned (zero-fill) right shift operator >>>:

Unsigned (zero-fill) right shift operator >>>, shifts a‘s 32-bits binary representation by b (1 position) to the right, similar to the >>operator. The major difference here is that >>> can make negative numbers into positive ones, like so:

const a = 3;
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000011
const b = 1;
console.log(a >>> b);
// expected output: 1
// 32-bit integer: 00000000000000000000000000000001
const c = -3;
// 32-bit integer: -00000000000000000000000000000011
console.log(c >>> b);
// expected output: 2147483646
// 32-bit integer: 01111111111111111111111111111110

Optional chaining operator ?.:

Like many developers, you’ve likely tried to get a value deep within an object’s chain, but because it was null or undefined, it caused an error.

Instead of using the chaining operator . in intricate objects, you may instead choose to go with the optional chaining operator ?. next time. This operator allows you to search for a value without validating every reference within the chain.

const holiday = {
name: "christmas",
companions: "family",
travel: {},
};
console.log(holiday.travel.country);
// expected output: undefined
// Causes errors
console.log(holiday?.travel.country);
// expected output: undefined
// Only returns undefined

Comma operator ,:

Of course we all know our beloved , operator, but it can’t hurt to refresh our memory! Comma operators separate both variable declarations (e.g. a = [6, 3, 1, 8]) and expressions so that they can be executed in order (like in loop variable declarations: var i = 0; i < 100; i++).

in operator:

The in operator returns true if the object has the given property the operator is looking for.

const holiday = {
name: "christmas",
companions: "family",
travel: {},
};
console.log("name" in holiday);
// expected output: true

instanceof operator:

If you want to confirm that a property is an instance of a particular operator, you can use instanceof as so:

class ClothingItem {
constructor(type, season) {
this.type = type;
this.season = season;
}
}
const clothes = new ClothingItem("dress", "winter");
console.log(clothes instanceof ClothingItem);
// expected output: true
console.log(clothes instanceof Object);
// expected output: true

Assignment operators:

As the name suggests, an assignment operator assigns a value (based on its RHS operand) to its LHS operand.

Primary assignment =:

The primary assignment operator consists of the equal sign that assigns b to a in a = b.

a = 1;
b = 4;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 1
a = b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 4

Destructuring assignment ([a, b] = [1, 2], {a, b} = {a:1, b:2}):

The destructuring assignment syntax makes it possible to first extract data from arrays or objects, and then assign that data to distinct variables:

const array = [6, 3, 1, 8];
const [a, b, c, d] = array;
console.log([a, b, c, d]);
// expected output: [6, 3, 1, 8]
console.log(a);
// expected output: 6
const object = {
first: 6,
second: 3,
third: 1,
fourth: 8,
};
const { first, second, third: e, fourth } = object;
console.log({ first, second, e, fourth });
// expected output: Object {
//   e: 1,
//   first: 6,
//   fourth: 8,
//   second: 3
// }
console.log(e);
// expected output: 1

Logical assignment operators:

The logical operators that we discussed related to expressions only evaluate its operands and then returns a boolean. On the other hand, logical assignment operators evaluate their left side operand, and based on the boolean’s value, assign them a new value based on the right-side operand.

Logical AND &&=:

a = 4;
b = 0;
b &&= a;
console.log(b);
// expected value: 0
// As b = 0 which evaluates to false, b isn't assigned a's value.
a &&= b;
console.log(a);
// expected value: 0
// As a = 4 which evaluates to true, a is assigned b's value.

Logical OR ||=:

The ||= does the opposite work of &&=.

a = 4;
b = 0;
a ||= b;
console.log(a);
// expected value: 4
// As a = 4 which evaluates to true, a isn't assigned b's value.
b ||= a;
console.log(b);
// expected value: 4
// As b = 0 which evaluates to false, b is assigned a's value.

Logical nullish operator ??=:

If you’ve never heard of it, the ??= operator does two things: one, it checks if its left-hand operand has a value, and two, assigns a value to any operand that does not have a value.

In this example, the LHS operands are life.time and life.money). Since life.money does not have a value, the logical nullish operator will assign a value to it. Since life.time does have a value (50), it will not be affected by ??=.

const life = { time: 50, money: null };
console.log((a.time ??= 10));
// expected output: 50
console.log((a.money ??= 25));
// expected output: 25

Shorthand operators:

In the following section, we will take a look at shorthand binary operators for the arithmetic and bitwise operations that we’ve studied in the above sections.

For standard arithmetic operations:

Addition +=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a += b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 6

Subtraction -=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a -= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 2

Division /=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a /= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 2

Multiplication *=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a *= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 8

Exponentiation **=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a **= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 16

Remainder %=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a %= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 0

For bitwise operations:

Bitwise logical AND &=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a &= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 0

Bitwise logical OR ^=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a ^= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 6

Bitwise logical XOR |=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a |= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 6

Bitwise left shift <<=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a <<= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 16

Bitwise sign propagating right shift >>=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a >>= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 1

Bitwise zero-fill right shift >>>=:

(a = 4), (b = 2);
a >>>= b;
console.log(a);
// expected output: 1

Conditional operator (condition ? ifTrue : ifFalse):

Finally, we would be remiss to not discuss the only operator that takes three operands; ladies and gentleman: the conditional operator.

a = 6;
console.log(a > 5 ? "bigger" : "smaller");
// expected output: "bigger"
console.log(a < 5 ? "bigger" : "smaller");
// expected output: "smaller"

As you will notice, the conditional (a.k.a. ternary) operator checks if the condition is true or false (hence the question mark ?), then execute one of the two expressions (placed between the colon :) based on whether the condition is true or false.

Summary

Congratulations! You have made it through this comprehensive guide to expressions and operators in JavaScript. For future reference, it may be useful to bookmark the summary table below, which recaps all of the material we have covered in this article (just open the image in a new tab and zoom in!).

Thank you for reading, and please check out my work at NadaRifki.com. I am also always happy to read your comments or your messages on Twitter (@RifkiNada). 😜